Class: Primary 4
Term: 1st Term
Week: 6
Age: 9 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: General Mathematics
Curriculum Theme: Numbers and Numeration: Fractions
Previous Lesson: Fraction, Proper, Improper, Mixed and Decimal Fractions.
Topic: FRACTION (Contd.)
Subject Matter: Equivalent fractions of a given fraction, ordering fractions with same denominator, ordering fractions ascending and descending, quantitative reasoning on fractions, application of fractions in sharing commodities.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

State equivalent fractions of a given fraction.
Compare fractions with the same denominator and identify the greater or smaller fraction.
Order fractions from lowest to highest (ascending) or highest to lowest (descending).
Solve quantitative reasoning problems involving fractions.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of fractions in daily sharing activities.
Show willingness to solve problems involving fractions.

Psychomotor Domain:

Accurately write equivalent fractions.
Correctly arrange fractions in ascending and descending order.
Apply fraction concepts to practical sharing scenarios.

Collaborate with peers to solve problems involving fractions.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
New General Mathematics for Primary Schools 4

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Textbooks
Multiplication chart
Fraction charts/diagrams

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils to understand how parts of a whole relate to each other. It enables them to accurately share items and arrange quantities in order, which is important for everyday life at home, in the market, and at school. Understanding fractions also builds a solid foundation for more advanced mathematical concepts.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils are expected to have a basic understanding of what a fraction is, including the concepts of numerator and denominator, from previous lessons.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

FRACTIONS

Equivalent Fractions

Equivalent fractions are fractions that represent the same value or the same part of a whole, even though they have different numerators and denominators.

To find equivalent fractions, you multiply or divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same non-zero number.

The following are examples of equivalent fractions:

1/2 = 2/4 = 3/6 = 4/8
2/3 = 4/6 = 6/9 = 8/12

Ordering Fractions with the Same Denominator

When fractions have the same denominator, the fraction with the larger numerator is the greater fraction. The fraction with the smaller numerator is the smaller fraction.

The following are examples:

3/5 is greater than 2/5 (3/5 > 2/5)
1/4 is smaller than 3/4 (1/4 < 3/4)

Ordering Fractions (Ascending and Descending)

Ordering fractions means arranging them from smallest to largest (ascending order) or from largest to smallest (descending order).

To order fractions with the same denominator, compare their numerators:

Ascending Order: Arranging from smallest to largest. Example: 1/7, 3/7, 5/7, 6/7.
Descending Order: Arranging from largest to smallest. Example: 6/7, 5/7, 3/7, 1/7.

Application of Fractions in Sharing Commodities

Fractions are used in daily life when sharing things. For example, sharing food, money, or resources among people.

The following are examples:

Sharing a cake equally among 4 friends means each friend gets 1/4 of the cake.
Giving 1/3 of a sum of money to a sibling.

Quantitative Reasoning on Fractions

Quantitative reasoning problems on fractions involve using fraction concepts to solve logical or numerical problems. These problems often require understanding the relationships between fractions and whole numbers.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and reviews the previous lesson on basic fractions (numerator, denominator, types of fractions). The teacher then introduces the topic of “FRACTIONS (Contd.)” and explains that they will learn more about equivalent fractions and ordering fractions.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to greetings, recall the previous lesson, and listen attentively to the introduction of the new topic.
Learning Point: Pupils recall prior knowledge of fractions and are prepared for the new lesson.

Step 2: Equivalent Fractions

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains what equivalent fractions are, using diagrams or a fraction chart. The teacher demonstrates how to find equivalent fractions by multiplying or dividing the numerator and denominator by the same number. Examples like 1/2 = 2/4 and 2/3 = 4/6 are shown on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the diagrams, listen to the explanation, and copy the examples from the board. They also suggest other equivalent fractions.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the concept of equivalent fractions and how to find them.

Step 3: Ordering Fractions with the Same Denominator

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Guided Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains that when fractions have the same denominator, comparing them is simple: the fraction with the larger numerator is greater. The teacher gives examples like comparing 3/5 and 2/5, or 1/4 and 3/4, and asks pupils to identify the greater or smaller fraction.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the explanation, participate in comparing the fractions, and state which fraction is greater or smaller.
Learning Point: Pupils learn how to compare fractions that have the same denominator.

Step 4: Ordering Fractions (Ascending and Descending)

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines ascending (smallest to largest) and descending (largest to smallest) order. Using sets of fractions with the same denominator (e.g., 3/7, 1/7, 5/7, 2/7), the teacher demonstrates how to arrange them in both ascending and descending order on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the teacher’s demonstration and then practice arranging similar sets of fractions in ascending and descending order in their notebooks.
Learning Point: Pupils can arrange fractions in ascending and descending order.

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Practical Application
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher discusses real-life scenarios where fractions are used for sharing. Examples include sharing a pizza, dividing money, or distributing items. The teacher poses simple sharing problems for the pupils to solve orally.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils contribute ideas on how fractions are used in sharing and solve the oral problems presented by the teacher.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the practical application of fractions in daily life.

Step 6: Quantitative Reasoning on Fractions

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Problem Solving
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces simple quantitative reasoning problems involving fractions. The teacher explains how to approach these problems by understanding the given information and applying fraction concepts. An example problem is solved on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils pay attention to the example problem and attempt to solve a similar problem given by the teacher.
Learning Point: Pupils develop skills in solving quantitative reasoning problems related to fractions.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What are equivalent fractions?
State two equivalent fractions for 1/3.
Arrange the following fractions in ascending order: 4/9, 1/9, 7/9, 2/9.
If you share a loaf of bread equally among 5 people, what fraction of the bread does each person get?

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the key points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of understanding equivalent fractions, ordering fractions, and their application in daily life. The teacher assigns homework.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy the assigned homework.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and receive further practice.

Home Task: Solve three new exercises on FRACTION (Contd.). Show each step and check each answer.

Lesson Keywords

Equivalent fractions – Fractions that have the same value, even if they look different.
Numerator – The top number in a fraction, showing how many parts are taken.
Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction, showing the total number of equal parts.
Ascending – Arranging numbers or fractions from the smallest to the largest.
Descending – Arranging numbers or fractions from the largest to the smallest.
Quantitative reasoning – Solving problems by using numbers and mathematical concepts.

Differentiation

For pupils who are struggling, the teacher will provide more one-on-one support, use physical fraction manipulatives, and offer simpler problems. For advanced pupils, the teacher will provide more complex quantitative reasoning problems and encourage them to explore ordering fractions with different denominators (using common denominators).

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure that pupils have a strong grasp of basic fraction concepts before moving to equivalent fractions and ordering. Use visual aids like fraction charts or diagrams extensively to help pupils visualize the concepts. Encourage group work for problem-solving activities to foster collaborative learning.