Class: Primary 4
Term: 1st Term
Week: 5
Age: 9 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: General Mathematics
Curriculum Theme: Number and Numeration
Previous Lesson: H.C.F, Factor Method and Prime Factors.
Topic: FRACTION
Subject Matter: Proper fractions, improper fractions, mixed numbers, decimal fractions, quantitative reasoning on fractions

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define a fraction.
Identify and differentiate between proper, improper, and mixed fractions.
Identify decimal numbers in fraction form.
Solve simple quantitative reasoning problems involving fractions.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of fractions in daily life.
Participate actively in class discussions and activities.

Psychomotor Domain:

Divide objects into equal parts to demonstrate fractions.
Practically show examples of different types of fractions.

Collaborate with peers when solving fraction-related problems.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum (Primary 4)
State Unified Scheme of Work for Primary 4 Mathematics
New General Mathematics for Primary Schools, Book 4
https://www.education.gov.ng
https://www.nerdc.gov.ng

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Textbook
An orange and a knife
Cardboard cut into shapes
Marker
Charts showing examples of various fractions
Fraction models (e.g., paper circles divided into equal parts)

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand how to share things equally and represent parts of a whole. Understanding fractions is important for daily activities like dividing food among friends or understanding measurements in recipes.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should have basic knowledge of division, whole numbers, and equal sharing.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

FRACTIONS

Definition of Fraction

A fraction represents a part of a whole. It shows how many equal parts of a whole are taken.

A fraction has two parts:

Numerator: The top number, which shows how many parts are taken.
Denominator: The bottom number, which shows the total number of equal parts the whole is divided into.

Example: In 1/2, 1 is the numerator and 2 is the denominator.

Types of Fractions

The following are types of fractions:

Proper Fraction: A fraction where the numerator is smaller than the denominator.
Examples: 1/2, 3/4, 5/7
Improper Fraction: A fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Examples: 5/3, 7/2, 4/4
Mixed Number: A number made up of a whole number and a proper fraction.
Examples: 1 1/2, 3 1/4, 2 3/5

Decimal Fractions

Decimal fractions are fractions whose denominators are powers of 10 (like 10, 100, 1000). They are written using a decimal point.

Examples:

0.5 can be written as 5/10 (or 1/2)
0.25 can be written as 25/100 (or 1/4)
0.75 can be written as 75/100 (or 3/4)

Quantitative Reasoning on Fractions

Quantitative reasoning involves solving problems that use numbers and quantities, including fractions. Pupils will use their understanding of fractions to solve simple problems.

Example: If a cake is divided into 8 equal slices and you eat 3 slices, what fraction of the cake did you eat?

Solution: 3/8

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and reviews the previous lesson briefly. The teacher then asks pupils to imagine sharing an orange equally among friends and introduces the idea of parts of a whole, leading to the topic of fractions.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to greetings, recall the previous lesson, and participate in the discussion about sharing.
Learning Point: Pupils are prepared for the new lesson and understand the relevance of fractions.

Step 2: Definition of Fraction

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher uses an orange or a piece of cardboard. The teacher divides it into two equal parts, then into four equal parts, explaining that each part is a fraction of the whole. The teacher defines a fraction, numerator, and denominator, writing examples on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration, listen to the explanation, and copy notes from the board.
Learning Point: Pupils understand what a fraction is and can identify its parts.

Step 3: Proper Fractions

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Illustration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces proper fractions, explaining that the numerator is smaller than the denominator. The teacher uses diagrams on cardboard to show examples like 1/2, 3/4, and 2/5, asking pupils to identify the numerator and denominator in each.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, observe the diagrams, and provide answers when asked.
Learning Point: Pupils can identify and give examples of proper fractions.

Step 4: Improper Fractions and Mixed Numbers

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Comparison
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains improper fractions, where the numerator is equal to or larger than the denominator. The teacher then introduces mixed numbers as a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction, showing how an improper fraction like 3/2 can be written as 1 1/2 using diagrams.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, ask questions for clarification, and observe the conversion examples.
Learning Point: Pupils can differentiate between improper fractions and mixed numbers.

Step 5: Decimal Fractions

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Connection
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces decimal fractions, explaining that they are fractions with denominators of 10, 100, etc., and are written using a decimal point. The teacher shows simple examples like 0.5 = 5/10 and 0.25 = 25/100.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the explanation and copy the examples.
Learning Point: Pupils understand what decimal fractions are and can identify them.

Step 6: Quantitative Reasoning on Fractions

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Problem Solving/Guidance
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher presents simple quantitative reasoning problems involving fractions on the board. For example: “A pizza was cut into 6 slices. If John ate 2 slices, what fraction of the pizza did he eat?” The teacher guides pupils to solve these problems.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils attempt to solve the problems with teacher guidance and discuss their answers.
Learning Point: Pupils can apply their knowledge of fractions to solve simple word problems.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What is a fraction?
Give two examples of a proper fraction.
State one difference between a proper and an improper fraction.
Write 0.7 as a fraction.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the key points of the lesson, reiterating the definition of a fraction and its different types. The teacher assigns homework: “Draw and shade 1/3, 2/4, and 5/5 of a circle.”
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the homework.
Learning Point: Pupils reinforce their understanding and have an opportunity for independent practice.

Home Task: Solve three new exercises on FRACTION. Show each step and check each answer.

Lesson Keywords

Fraction – A part of a whole.
Numerator – The top number in a fraction, showing how many parts are taken.
Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction, showing the total number of equal parts.
Proper Fraction – A fraction where the numerator is smaller than the denominator.
Improper Fraction – A fraction where the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator.
Mixed Number – A number combining a whole number and a proper fraction.
Decimal Fraction – A fraction written with a decimal point, with denominators that are powers of 10.

Differentiation

For struggling learners, the teacher will provide more one-on-one attention during demonstrations, use simpler examples, and offer additional visual aids. Advanced learners will be encouraged to explore equivalent fractions or solve slightly more complex quantitative reasoning problems, working in pairs to explain concepts to each other.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure that the practical demonstrations are clear and visible to all pupils. Encourage active participation and use a variety of fraction models to cater to different learning styles. Emphasize the real-life applications of fractions to make the lesson more engaging.