Class: Junior Secondary School 2 (JSS 2 / JS2)
Term: Third Term
Week: 8
Age: 13 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Religion Studies (Islamic Religion Studies)
Curriculum Theme: Islamic Religion Studies
Previous Lesson: Hadith: Hadith 9 of An-nawawi’s Collection.
Topic: THE TREATY OF HUDAIBIYYAH
Subject Matter: What led to the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah? The teacher explains what led to the treaty and its circumstances.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Explain the reasons that led to the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.
Identify the key events that occurred before the signing of the Treaty.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the wisdom of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in seeking peace.
Value the importance of negotiation and diplomacy in conflict resolution.

Psychomotor Domain:

Narrate the sequence of events leading to the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.
Outline the main terms agreed upon in the Treaty.

Apply lessons of patience and understanding in dealing with adversaries.
Recognize the benefits of peaceful coexistence in a community.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum for Islamic Religion Studies.
State Unified Scheme of Work.
Islamic Religion Studies for Junior Secondary Schools, Book 2.

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Whiteboard and markers.
Charts illustrating the journey to Hudaibiyyah.
Pictures depicting the Ka’aba and the historical setting.

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand a significant event in Islamic history that demonstrates the Prophet’s commitment to peace and the power of negotiation. It enables pupils to learn about the circumstances that led to the Treaty and its long-term impact on the Muslim community.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should have prior knowledge of the early persecution of Muslims in Makkah and the migration (Hijrah) to Madinah, as well as the ongoing conflict between the Muslims and the Quraish.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

THE TREATY OF HUDAIBIYYAH

What Led to the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah?

The Treaty of Hudaibiyyah was a significant peace treaty signed between the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the Quraish of Makkah in 6 AH (628 CE). Several factors led to this important event.

The following are the main reasons and circumstances that led to the Treaty:

Prophet Muhammad’s Dream: In 6 AH, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) had a dream in which he saw himself and his companions performing Umrah (minor pilgrimage) at the Ka’aba in Makkah. This dream filled the Muslims with hope and longing to visit their homeland and the Sacred House.
Intention for Umrah: Based on the dream, Prophet Muhammad (SAW) announced his intention to perform Umrah with his companions. He gathered about 1,400 to 1,600 unarmed Muslims, dressed in the simple white garments of pilgrims (Ihram), and set out for Makkah in the month of Dhul Qa’dah, a sacred month when fighting was forbidden.
Quraish Opposition: When the Quraish in Makkah heard of the Muslims’ approach, they perceived it as a challenge and feared that it would undermine their prestige. They decided to prevent the Muslims from entering Makkah by force.
Journey to Hudaibiyyah: The Prophet (SAW) and his companions, avoiding confrontation, took a different route and eventually camped at a place called Hudaibiyyah, just outside Makkah. Here, their path was blocked by Quraish forces.
Desire for Peace: Despite the Quraish’s hostile stance, the Prophet (SAW) emphasized that their intention was solely to perform Umrah and not to fight. He sent messengers to the Quraish to convey this message and seek peaceful entry.
Uthman’s Mission and the Pledge of Ridwan: Prophet Muhammad (SAW) sent Uthman ibn Affan as an envoy to Makkah to explain their peaceful intentions. When Uthman’s return was delayed, a rumor spread that he had been killed. This led the Prophet (SAW) to gather his companions under a tree and take a pledge (Bay’at al-Ridwan) to fight until death in retaliation for Uthman’s supposed death. This show of unity and determination impressed the Quraish.
Negotiations: Realizing the Muslims’ resolve and their peaceful intentions, the Quraish sent their own envoys for negotiations. After a series of discussions, a treaty was drafted.

Terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah

The main terms agreed upon in the Treaty included:

A ten-year truce between the Muslims and the Quraish, during which no hostilities would occur.
Muslims would return to Madinah that year without performing Umrah, but would be allowed to perform it the following year.
Any person from Makkah who went to Madinah without the permission of their guardian would be returned to Makkah.
Any person from Madinah who went to Makkah would not be returned to Madinah.
Arab tribes were free to ally themselves with either the Muslims or the Quraish.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and asks them if they remember any major events in early Islamic history involving conflict or peace. The teacher then introduces the topic: “The Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.”
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the questions and listen attentively to the introduction of the new topic.
Learning Point: Pupils are prepared for the lesson and can connect it to previous knowledge.

Step 2: Prophet Muhammad’s Intention for Umrah

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Narration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains Prophet Muhammad’s dream and his decision to lead the Muslims for Umrah, emphasizing that their intention was peaceful pilgrimage, not war. The teacher highlights the number of companions (around 1,400-1,600) and their unarmed state.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen as the teacher explains the background and the initial peaceful intention of the Muslims.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the primary motivation behind the journey to Makkah.

Step 3: Quraish Opposition

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explaining Causes
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher describes how the Quraish reacted to the news of the Muslims’ approach, explaining their fear of losing prestige and their decision to prevent the Muslims from entering Makkah by force.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and ask questions for clarification regarding the Quraish’s stance.
Learning Point: Pupils identify the immediate obstacle faced by the Muslims on their journey.

Step 4: Journey to Hudaibiyyah

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Description/Mapping
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher describes the route taken by the Muslims to avoid direct confrontation and how they eventually camped at Hudaibiyyah, a place outside Makkah, where they encountered the Quraish forces.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils follow the narrative, visualizing the journey and the stopping point at Hudaibiyyah.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the strategic location where the events unfolded.

Step 5: Negotiations and Key Events

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Elaboration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the sending of envoys, particularly Uthman ibn Affan, and the rumor of his death which led to the Pledge of Ridwan. The teacher emphasizes the Muslims’ commitment to their Prophet.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the details of the negotiations and the significance of the Pledge of Ridwan.
Learning Point: Pupils learn about the diplomatic efforts and the show of strength by the Muslims.

Step 6: Signing of the Treaty

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains that the Quraish, impressed by the Muslims’ resolve and peaceful insistence, sent negotiators, leading to the drafting and signing of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah. The teacher briefly states the main terms of the treaty.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and note the key terms of the Treaty.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the formal resolution of the conflict through the signing of the Treaty.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What was Prophet Muhammad’s intention when he set out for Makkah in 6 AH?
Why did the Quraish initially prevent the Muslims from entering Makkah?
What was the significance of the Pledge of Ridwan?
Mention two main terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher briefly summarizes the lesson, reiterating that the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah, though seemingly unfavorable at first, proved to be a great victory for Islam. The teacher assigns homework for pupils to list the long-term benefits of the treaty.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the homework.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their understanding of the lesson and are given further work.

Lesson Keywords

Hudaibiyyah – The location outside Makkah where the treaty was signed.
Umrah – The minor pilgrimage to Makkah.
Quraish – The dominant tribe of Makkah who opposed Prophet Muhammad (SAW).
Pledge of Ridwan – The oath of allegiance taken by Muslims under a tree to fight for Uthman’s supposed death.
Truce – An agreement between opposing sides to stop fighting for a period.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, the teacher can ask them to research the long-term implications of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah. For pupils needing more support, the teacher can provide simplified notes or visual aids and allow them to answer questions with peer support.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Teachers should ensure pupils understand the context of the treaty within Islamic history. Emphasize that despite initial appearances, the treaty was a strategic victory that opened doors for the spread of Islam. Encourage pupils to reflect on the values of patience, diplomacy, and foresight demonstrated by Prophet Muhammad (SAW).