Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1 / SSS1)
Term: 1st Term
Week: 7
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Dying and Bleaching
Curriculum Theme: Trade
Previous Lesson: Introduction to Tie and Dye: Reactive Dyes and Materials.
Topic: TIE AND DYE, A THEORETICAL APPROACH.
Subject Matter: techniques of tie and dye such as folding knotting pleating stitching twisting marbling wick folding sewing stick assisted pattern, use of 100 percent cotton textile material, preparing dye bath with vat dye caustic soda sodium hydrosulphate, timing dye bath for about 20 minutes, washing with cold water and drying away from hot sun.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define tie and dye.
Identify various techniques used in tie and dye.
List the materials required for tie and dye.
Outline the steps involved in preparing a dye bath.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of safety precautions when handling chemicals.
Value traditional textile crafts like tie and dye.

Psychomotor Domain:

Demonstrate at least three tie and dye patterning techniques.
Assist in the preparation of a dye bath under supervision.

Collaborate with peers during practical demonstrations.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum for Senior Secondary Schools.
State Unified Scheme of Work for Dying and Bleaching (SSS 1).
Textile and Garment Making for Senior Secondary Schools by [Author/Publisher, e.g., F.O. Olaniyan].

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

100 percent cotton fabric samples (pre-tied with various patterns).
Vat dye, caustic soda, sodium hydrosulphate, table salt.
Hot water source, buckets, gloves, nose masks, aprons.
Charts showing different tie and dye patterns.

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand the basic principles and techniques of tie and dye, which is a popular textile craft. It enables them to appreciate how simple materials can be used to create beautiful patterns, and provides foundational knowledge for potential entrepreneurship in textile design.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils are expected to have basic knowledge of different types of textile materials and colours.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

TIE AND DYE: A THEORETICAL APPROACH

Definition of Tie and Dye

Tie and dye is a method of creating patterns on fabric by tying, folding, or crumpling the fabric in various ways to prevent the dye from reaching certain areas, thereby producing unique designs when dyed.

Techniques of Tie and Dye

The following are common techniques used in tie and dye:

Folding
Knotting
Pleating
Stitching
Twisting
Marbling
Wick folding
Sewing
Stick assisted pattern

Materials for Tie and Dye

The following materials are typically used for tie and dye:

100 percent cotton textile material (fabric)
Dye (e.g., vat dye)
Caustic soda
Sodium hydrosulphate (hydros)
Table salt
Hot water source
Buckets
Protective gear (gloves, nose mask, apron)

Preparing the Dye Bath (Using Vat Dye)

To prepare a vat dye bath, follow these general steps:

Dissolve the dye in a small amount of hot water.
Dissolve caustic soda in another container with hot water.
Dissolve sodium hydrosulphate (hydros) in a third container with hot water.
Combine the dissolved dye, caustic soda, and hydros in a larger bucket of hot water.
Stir the mixture thoroughly to ensure all chemicals are well blended.
Allow the dye bath to “reduce” for a few minutes until the colour changes to its leuco (reduced) form.

Dyeing Process and Aftercare

The dyeing process and aftercare involve:

Carefully immersing the pre-tied 100 percent cotton fabric into the prepared dye bath.
Allowing the fabric to soak in the dye bath for approximately 20 minutes to achieve the desired colour intensity.
Carefully removing the fabric from the dye bath.
Rinsing the fabric thoroughly with cold water to remove excess dye and chemicals.
Untying the fabric to reveal the pattern.
Drying the dyed fabric away from direct hot sun to prevent fading.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and asks them if they have seen fabrics with unique patterns. The teacher introduces the topic “Tie and Dye” and explains that it is a method of creating such patterns.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the questions and listen attentively.
Learning Point: Pupils are introduced to the topic and its relevance.

Step 2: Explanation of Tie and Dye

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Definition
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines “Tie and Dye” and explains its basic principle of resisting dye penetration in certain areas of the fabric. The teacher also shows examples of tie and dye fabrics.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, observe the examples, and may ask questions for clarification.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the definition and concept of tie and dye.

Step 3: Discussion of Tie and Dye Techniques

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains and demonstrates various tie and dye techniques such as folding, knotting, pleating, stitching, twisting, and stick-assisted patterns using small fabric samples. The teacher encourages pupils to observe closely.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstrations and try to practice some simple techniques with provided scraps of fabric if available.
Learning Point: Pupils identify and understand different tie and dye patterning techniques.

Step 4: Materials and Dye Bath Preparation

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Guidance
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher lists and explains the function of each material required for tie and dye (100% cotton fabric, vat dye, caustic soda, sodium hydrosulphate, table salt). The teacher then outlines the theoretical steps for preparing the dye bath, emphasizing the safe handling of chemicals and hot water.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, take notes, and ask questions about the materials and the preparation process.
Learning Point: Pupils know the necessary materials and the theoretical steps for dye bath preparation.

Step 5: Dyeing Process and Aftercare

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the process of immersing the fabric in the dye bath, the timing (about 20 minutes), and the importance of rinsing with cold water and drying away from direct hot sun. Safety measures during these steps are reiterated.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and note the steps involved in the actual dyeing and aftercare.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the practical steps of dyeing and proper fabric aftercare.

Step 6: Safety Precautions

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Emphasising
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher reminds pupils of the importance of wearing protective gear (gloves, nose mask, apron) and exercising caution when working with hot water and chemicals like caustic soda and sodium hydrosulphate.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and acknowledge the safety instructions.
Learning Point: Pupils are aware of the safety measures required for tie and dye.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What is tie and dye?
Mention three techniques used in tie and dye.
List four materials needed for a tie and dye project.
State two important steps in preparing a vat dye bath.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 3 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarisation/Assignment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the key points of the lesson, reiterating the definition, techniques, materials, and process of tie and dye. The teacher gives pupils an assignment to research other types of dyes used in textile design.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and note down the assignment.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and are given further research to do.

Lesson Keywords

Tie and Dye – A method of creating patterns on fabric by tying, folding, or crumpling to resist dye.
Vat Dye – A class of dyes that are insoluble in water in their original form but become soluble when reduced, used for dyeing cotton.
Caustic Soda – Sodium hydroxide, a strong alkali used in vat dyeing to create an alkaline environment for dye reduction.
Sodium Hydrosulphate – A reducing agent used in vat dyeing to convert the dye into its soluble leuco form.
Leuco Form – The reduced, soluble, and usually colourless or lighter form of a vat dye that can penetrate fabric fibres.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, the teacher can encourage them to research and present on advanced tie and dye patterns or the history of tie and dye in Nigeria. For pupils needing more support, the teacher can provide simplified notes and more one-on-one guidance during practical demonstrations of tying techniques.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Teachers should ensure that all safety precautions are strictly observed when handling chemicals and hot water, especially if practical demonstrations are carried out. It is advisable to have adequate ventilation and protective gear for both the teacher and pupils. Emphasise the theoretical aspects of dye bath preparation and aftercare before any practical session.