Class: Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2 / SSS2)
Term: 3rd Term
Week: 9
Age: 16 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Building Construction
Curriculum Theme: Building Services
Previous Lesson: Sanitary Appliances and Installation: Soil and waste appliances, Materials.
Topic: SANITARY APPLIANCES AND INSTALLATION
Subject Matter: Types of sanitary appliances and their installation.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define sanitary appliances.
State different types of sanitary appliances.
Identify various materials used for sanitary appliances.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of proper sanitary appliance installation for hygiene.
Show interest in learning about the different components of building services.

Psychomotor Domain:

Sketch common sanitary appliances.
Outline the basic steps involved in installing sanitary appliances.

Participate actively in discussions about sanitary installations.
Collaborate with peers to identify types of appliances during site visits or picture analysis.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

Senior Secondary Schools Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Building Construction for Senior Secondary Schools by E.J. Effiong

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Charts showing various sanitary appliances
Drawings or pictures of sanitary appliances
Samples of sanitary appliance materials (if available)
Whiteboard and markers/Blackboard and chalk
Opportunity for a construction site visit (if feasible)

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand the essential role of sanitary appliances in maintaining hygiene and comfort in buildings. It enables them to identify different types and materials, which is important for practical applications in the construction industry and daily life.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should have basic knowledge of building components and the importance of water supply and waste disposal in buildings.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

SANITARY APPLIANCES AND INSTALLATION

Definition of Sanitary Appliances

Sanitary appliances are fixtures installed in buildings to receive and discharge human waste (faeces and urine), wastewater from washing, and other domestic liquids safely and hygienically into the drainage system.

Types of Sanitary Appliances

Common types of sanitary appliances include:

Water Closets (W.C.): Used for the disposal of human excreta. They can be squatting pans or pedestal types.
Urinals: Designed for the disposal of urine, typically in public restrooms. They can be stall, trough, or wall-hung types.
Wash Hand Basins (Lavatory Basins): Used for hand washing. They can be pedestal, wall-hung, or counter-top types.
Sinks: Used for washing dishes and other kitchen items. They are commonly found in kitchens and utility rooms.
Bathtubs: Used for bathing, typically in bathrooms.
Showers: Provide a spray of water for bathing, often enclosed in a cubicle.
Bidets: Used for washing the perineum after using the toilet, often found in bathrooms with a W.C.
Slop Sinks (Service Sinks): Used for emptying mop buckets and disposing of dirty water, commonly found in utility rooms or janitors’ closets.

Materials for Sanitary Appliances

Sanitary appliances are commonly manufactured from materials such as:

Vitreous China: A durable, non-porous ceramic material, commonly used for W.C.s, basins, and urinals due to its smooth, hygienic surface.
Fireclay: A heavier, more robust ceramic material, often used for sinks (especially kitchen and slop sinks) where greater strength is required.
Acrylic: A lightweight, plastic material, popular for bathtubs and shower trays due to its warmth to the touch and ease of moulding.
Stainless Steel: Durable, hygienic, and resistant to corrosion, widely used for kitchen sinks and commercial applications.
Cast Iron (enamelled): Historically used for bathtubs and sinks, known for its durability and heat retention, though now less common due to its weight.

Basic Steps for Installation of Sanitary Appliances

The general steps for installing sanitary appliances include:

Step 1: Preparation of Location: Ensure the installation area is clean, level, and has adequate space. Verify that plumbing rough-ins (water supply and waste pipes) are correctly positioned according to the appliance’s specifications.
Step 2: Fixing Brackets/Supports: Install any necessary wall brackets, floor supports, or frames securely according to the appliance manufacturer’s instructions.
Step 3: Connecting Waste Outlet: Connect the appliance’s waste outlet to the building’s drainage system, ensuring a proper, watertight seal. Install appropriate traps (e.g., P-trap or S-trap) to prevent foul air and pests from entering the building.
Step 4: Connecting Water Supply: Connect the hot and cold water supply lines to the appliance’s taps, flush mechanism, or shower mixer, using appropriate flexible connectors and isolating valves for future maintenance.
Step 5: Sealing and Securing: Secure the appliance firmly in place using screws, bolts, or clips. Apply silicone sealant around joints where the appliance meets the wall or floor to prevent water ingress and provide a neat, hygienic finish.
Step 6: Testing: Turn on the water supply and thoroughly test the appliance for leaks at all connections. Ensure proper drainage and check the flushing mechanism for W.C.s.
Step 7: Final Adjustments and Cleaning: Make any final adjustments to ensure correct operation and alignment. Clean the appliance and the surrounding area thoroughly before handover.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids, Site Visit (if applicable)

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and asks them to name different components they see in a bathroom or kitchen.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond by naming items like toilet, sink, bath, etc.
Learning Point: Pupils recall prior knowledge related to the topic.

Step 2: Explanation of Sanitary Appliances

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Definition
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines sanitary appliances and explains their purpose in a building, using examples from the pupils’ responses.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen attentively, ask questions for clarity, and write down the definition.
Learning Point: Pupils understand what sanitary appliances are and their function.

Step 3: Types of Sanitary Appliances

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Classification/Identification
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays charts or drawings of various sanitary appliances (W.C., basin, sink, urinal, bath, shower) and explains each type, highlighting their specific uses.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the charts, identify the different appliances, and ask questions about their uses.
Learning Point: Pupils can identify and differentiate between various types of sanitary appliances.

Step 4: Materials for Sanitary Appliances

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Listing
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher discusses the common materials used for manufacturing sanitary appliances, such as vitreous china, fireclay, acrylic, and stainless steel, explaining the advantages of each.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and note down the different materials and their properties.
Learning Point: Pupils learn about the materials used in making sanitary appliances.

Step 5: Basic Steps for Installation

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Procedure
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher outlines the basic steps involved in the general installation of sanitary appliances, emphasizing safety and proper connections.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils pay attention to the steps, ask questions about the sequence, and consider the practical aspects.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the general procedure for installing sanitary appliances.

Step 6: Discussion/Practical Application

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion/Reinforcement
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher facilitates a brief discussion on the importance of correct installation for hygiene and functionality, possibly referencing a previous site visit or showing more detailed diagrams.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils contribute to the discussion, share observations, and reinforce their understanding of the practical aspects.
Learning Point: Pupils grasp the practical implications and importance of proper installation.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define sanitary appliances.
List three types of sanitary appliances and state their uses.
Mention three materials commonly used for sanitary appliances.
Outline any two basic steps involved in installing a sanitary appliance.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the main points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of sanitary appliances in building construction and hygiene. The teacher then assigns homework, which could include sketching two different sanitary appliances and labelling their parts.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary, ask any final questions, and copy down the homework.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and prepare for further study.

Lesson Keywords

Sanitary Appliances – Fixtures for waste disposal in buildings.
Water Closet (W.C.) – Toilet for human excreta.
Wash Hand Basin – Sink for hand washing.
Vitreous China – Ceramic material for sanitary ware.
Drainage System – Network of pipes for waste water.
Trap – A bend in a pipe that holds water to prevent foul gases from entering a building.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, the teacher can challenge them to research different types of traps (P-trap, S-trap) and their functions. For those needing more support, the teacher can provide simplified diagrams and allow more time for sketching and identifying appliances.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Teachers should ensure they have clear diagrams or actual samples of sanitary appliances and materials to enhance understanding. If a site visit is not possible, detailed pictures or videos of installation processes can be used as an alternative. Emphasize the health and safety aspects of proper sanitary installation.