Class: Primary 3
Term: First Term
Week: 10
Age: 8 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Mathematics
Curriculum Theme: Number and Numeration
Previous Lesson: Multiplication, Using Multiplication Tables to Find Products of Numbers.
Topic: Multiplication
Subject Matter: 2 by 1 multiplication, 3 by 1 multiplication, 2 by 2 multiplication

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Multiplication charts
Flashcards showing basic multiplication facts
Whiteboard/Chalkboard
Markers/Chalk
Pupils’ textbooks

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson enables pupils to develop foundational skills in multiplication, which is an important arithmetic operation. Mastering multiplication helps pupils solve daily problems involving quantities and prepares them for more complex mathematical concepts in higher classes.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should have a good understanding of addition of numbers, counting, and basic number recognition up to 100.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Multiplication

What is Multiplication?

Multiplication is a quick way of adding the same number many times. It is also known as repeated addition.

The symbol for multiplication is ‘x’ (read as “times” or “multiplied by”).

For example, 3 x 4 means 3 groups of 4, which is 4 + 4 + 4 = 12.

2 by 1 Multiplication

This involves multiplying a two-digit number by a one-digit number.

Example 1: Multiply 23 by 4

Step 1: Arrange the numbers vertically, aligning by place value.

x  4

----

Step 2: Multiply the ones digit (3) by 4.

3 x 4 = 12. Write down 2 in the ones column and carry over 1 to the tens column.

  2¹3

x  4

----

Step 3: Multiply the tens digit (2) by 4, then add the carried over 1.

2 x 4 = 8. Add 1 (carried over) = 9. Write down 9 in the tens column.

  2¹3

x  4

----

Therefore, 23 x 4 = 92.

Example 2: Multiply 45 by 3

Step 1: Arrange vertically.

x  3

----

Step 2: Multiply 5 by 3.

5 x 3 = 15. Write 5, carry over 1.

  4¹5

x  3

----

Step 3: Multiply 4 by 3, add carried over 1.

4 x 3 = 12. Add 1 = 13. Write 13.

  4¹5

x  3

----

Therefore, 45 x 3 = 135.

3 by 1 Multiplication

This involves multiplying a three-digit number by a one-digit number.

Example 1: Multiply 123 by 3

Step 1: Arrange the numbers vertically.

x   3

-----

Step 2: Multiply the ones digit (3) by 3.

3 x 3 = 9. Write 9 in the ones column.

x   3

-----

Step 3: Multiply the tens digit (2) by 3.

2 x 3 = 6. Write 6 in the tens column.

x   3

-----

Step 4: Multiply the hundreds digit (1) by 3.

1 x 3 = 3. Write 3 in the hundreds column.

x   3

-----

Therefore, 123 x 3 = 369.

Example 2: Multiply 215 by 4

Step 1: Arrange vertically.

x   4

-----

Step 2: Multiply 5 by 4.

5 x 4 = 20. Write 0, carry over 2 to the tens column.

  2¹1⁵

x   4

-----

Step 3: Multiply 1 by 4, add carried over 2.

1 x 4 = 4. Add 2 = 6. Write 6 in the tens column.

  2¹1⁵

x   4

-----

Step 4: Multiply 2 by 4.

2 x 4 = 8. Write 8 in the hundreds column.

  2¹1⁵

x   4

-----

Therefore, 215 x 4 = 860.

2 by 2 Multiplication

This involves multiplying a two-digit number by another two-digit number.

Example 1: Multiply 12 by 13

Step 1: Arrange the numbers vertically.

x 13

----

Step 2: Multiply 12 by the ones digit of 13 (which is 3).

3 x 2 = 6

3 x 1 = 3

This gives the first partial product: 36

x 13

----

  36  (3 x 12)

Step 3: Multiply 12 by the tens digit of 13 (which is 10). Write a zero in the ones column first.

1 x 2 = 2 (write in tens column)

1 x 1 = 1 (write in hundreds column)

This gives the second partial product: 120

x 13

----

 120 (10 x 12)

Step 4: Add the two partial products.

+120

----

Therefore, 12 x 13 = 156.

Example 2: Multiply 25 by 21

Step 1: Arrange vertically.

x 21

----

Step 2: Multiply 25 by 1 (ones digit).

1 x 5 = 5

1 x 2 = 2

First partial product: 25

x 21

----

  25 (1 x 25)

Step 3: Multiply 25 by 20 (tens digit). Write 0 in the ones column.

2 x 5 = 10 (write 0, carry 1)

2 x 2 = 4, add 1 (carried over) = 5

Second partial product: 500

x 21

----

 500 (20 x 25)

Step 4: Add the partial products.

+500

----

Therefore, 25 x 21 = 525.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Multiplication (2 by 1, 3 by 1, 2 by 2)

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils, reviews the previous lesson on addition, and introduces multiplication as a faster way of adding the same numbers together by asking how many fingers are on 4 hands.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to greetings, recall addition, and attempt to answer the teacher’s question (4 groups of 5 fingers = 20 fingers).
Learning Point: Pupils connect prior knowledge of addition to the new concept of multiplication.

Step 2: Explanation of Multiplication Concept

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains multiplication as repeated addition, using simple examples like “2 x 3” meaning “3 + 3” or “2 + 2 + 2”. The teacher also introduces the multiplication symbol ‘x’.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen attentively, ask questions for clarity, and offer their own examples of repeated addition.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the fundamental concept of multiplication.

Step 3: 2 by 1 Multiplication

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher demonstrates how to perform 2 by 1 multiplication on the board, explaining the steps of multiplying the ones digit first, then the tens digit, and handling carrying over. The teacher works through two examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration, copy the examples, and ask questions about the steps, especially carrying over.
Learning Point: Pupils learn and practice 2 by 1 multiplication with and without carrying over.

Step 4: 3 by 1 Multiplication

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains and demonstrates 3 by 1 multiplication, emphasizing the place value of hundreds, tens, and ones. Two examples, including one with carrying over, are solved on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils follow the steps, practice solving similar problems in their notebooks, and seek help if needed.
Learning Point: Pupils develop skills in performing 3 by 1 multiplication accurately.

Step 5: 2 by 2 Multiplication

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Guided Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides the pupils through the steps of 2 by 2 multiplication, explaining how to multiply by the ones digit first, then by the tens digit, and finally adding the two partial products. Two examples are solved.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils pay close attention, participate in solving steps, and practice the method in their notes.
Learning Point: Pupils understand and apply the method for 2 by 2 multiplication.

Step 6: Class Activity/Practice

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Group Work/Monitoring
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher gives pupils a few practice problems involving 2 by 1, 3 by 1, and 2 by 2 multiplication from their textbooks or flashcards. The teacher walks around to monitor and assist pupils.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils work individually or in pairs to solve the given multiplication problems.
Learning Point: Pupils reinforce their understanding and improve their speed and accuracy in multiplication.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What is multiplication?
Multiply 34 by 2.
Calculate 105 x 3.
Find the product of 15 and 11.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the main points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of practicing multiplication facts. The teacher gives homework exercises from the textbook.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary, ask any final questions, and copy the homework.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and prepare for independent practice.

Home Task: Solve three new exercises on Multiplication. Show each step and check each answer.

Lesson Keywords

Multiplication – A mathematical operation where a number is added to itself a number of times (repeated addition).
Product – The result obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied together.
Times – Used to indicate multiplication (e.g., 3 times 4).
Multiply – To perform the operation of multiplication.
Carry over – A digit transferred from one column to the next column on the left during addition or multiplication.
Partial product – An intermediate result in multiplication, especially when multiplying multi-digit numbers.

Differentiation

For struggling learners, the teacher will provide extra one-on-one guidance, use manipulatives like counters or beads to demonstrate repeated addition, and focus on basic multiplication facts. Advanced learners will be given more challenging multiplication problems, including word problems, and encouraged to explore multiplication of larger numbers or properties of multiplication.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure pupils have memorized their basic multiplication tables (1-12) as this is fundamental for success in multi-digit multiplication. Emphasize place value and the concept of carrying over clearly in each step. Encourage regular practice of multiplication facts through drills and games.