Class: Junior Secondary School 1 (JSS1, JSS 1)
Term: 1st Term
Week: 9
Age: 12 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Basic Science And Technology
Curriculum Theme: Physical And Health Education
Previous Lesson: Meaning of Sewage and Refuse, Examples and Differences
Topic: Methods Of Sewage Disposal
Subject Matter: Methods Of Sewage And Refuse Disposal

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:
(a) Identify different methods of sewage disposal.
(b) Outline methods of refuse disposal.
Affective Domain:
(a) Show concern for proper sewage and refuse disposal.
(b) Appreciate the importance of maintaining a clean environment.
Psychomotor Domain:
(a) Demonstrate simple hygienic practices for disposing of refuse.
Social Domain:
(a) Work together in groups to discuss effective waste management practices in the community.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
Lagos State Unified Scheme of work for Junior Secondary Schools
World Health Organization – “Sanitation” (https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation)
UNICEF – “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)” (https://www.unicef.org/wash)
Relevant Textbooks

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Charts showing methods of sewage and refuse disposal
Pictures of clean and dirty environments
Samples of refuse (paper, plastics, etc.)
Video clips or animations of waste management processes
Whiteboard and markers

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson is important to help pupils understand effective ways of sewage and refuse disposal, reduce diseases, and promote environmental cleanliness and sustainable health.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils are familiar with the meaning of sewage and refuse and have observed how waste is collected and sometimes improperly disposed of in their homes and communities.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Methods of Sewage Disposal

Sewage refers to liquid waste from homes, schools, and industries. It must be disposed of properly to prevent pollution and diseases.

The following are methods of sewage disposal:

Use of septic tanks and soak-away pits.
Use of water-borne sewerage systems.
Application of sewage for irrigation after treatment.
Treatment of sewage in sewage treatment plants.
Controlled discharge into rivers and seas after proper treatment.

Methods of Refuse Disposal

Refuse is solid waste from homes, schools, markets, and industries. Proper disposal keeps the environment clean and prevents the spread of diseases.

These include:

Open burning of refuse in controlled areas.
Use of sanitary landfills.
Composting of organic refuse into manure.
Recycling of materials like plastics, glass, and metals.
Incineration using high-temperature furnaces.
Open dumping in designated areas (though not hygienic).

Sewage and Refuse Disposal

Sewage is wastewater containing human waste and other contaminants. Safe systems include water-carriage sewers with treatment plants and correctly designed septic systems. Open discharge spreads pathogens and pollutes water.

Refuse should be reduced, separated, reused or recycled where possible, collected in covered containers and taken to approved treatment or disposal facilities. Dumping in drains and uncontrolled burning create flooding, smoke and disease risks.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques:

Discussion, Lecture, Explanation, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Group Work, Use of Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

To deliver this lesson, the teacher will adopt the following steps:

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher begins by asking pupils what happens to dirty water and waste in their homes and schools, and tells a short story about sickness caused by poor waste disposal.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond with experiences of waste disposal in their homes and communities.
Learning Point: Pupils are motivated and prepared to learn about sewage and refuse disposal.

Step 2: Methods of Sewage Disposal

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher explains sewage disposal methods with the aid of charts.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, observe, and note the different sewage disposal methods.
Learning Point: Pupils understand methods of sewage disposal.

Step 3: Methods of Refuse Disposal

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher discusses methods of refuse disposal, showing examples such as plastics, papers, and metals.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils mention how refuse is disposed of in their homes and communities.
Learning Point: Pupils identify and understand methods of refuse disposal.

Step 4: Demonstration of Proper Refuse Disposal

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher demonstrates proper refuse disposal practices using bins and refuse samples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils participate by practicing correct disposal methods.
Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate hygienic disposal of refuse.

Step 5: Note-Taking

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher writes the board summary and dictates notes for pupils to copy.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils copy notes into their exercise books.
Learning Point: Pupils have a written record of the lesson.

Step 6: Evaluation/Review

Time: 3 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Mention three methods of sewage disposal.
List three methods of refuse disposal.
Why is it important to dispose of sewage and refuse properly?
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer questions orally.
Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate knowledge of sewage and refuse disposal.

Step 7: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Reinforcement
Teacher’s Activity: Teacher summarizes the lesson and emphasizes the importance of good hygiene in waste disposal.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and ask questions where necessary.
Learning Point: Pupils appreciate the need for proper waste disposal.

Home Task: Describe or illustrate one lesson example of Methods Of Sewage Disposal and include one safety or performance rule. Do not practise a risky activity without adult supervision.

Lesson Keywords

Sewage – liquid waste from homes and industries
Refuse – solid waste materials from homes and communities
Sanitary landfill – method of burying refuse in the ground
Incineration – burning refuse in special furnaces
Recycling – reusing waste materials to make new products

Differentiation

The teacher uses simple explanations and visual aids for slower learners, while advanced learners are engaged to explain and demonstrate proper disposal methods to peers.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Encourage active participation, supervise pupils during demonstrations, and emphasize environmental health and hygiene. Relate the topic to real-life community practices.