Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1, SS 1, SSS1, SSS 1)
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 5
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Store Management
Curriculum Theme: Store Management
Previous Lesson: Levels of Stock Control.
Topic: Method of Issuing Stock
Subject Matter: Last In First Out method, benefits of LIFO, problems of LIFO, factors to consider when issuing stock

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define the Last In First Out (LIFO) method of issuing stock.
Explain how LIFO works in a store setting.
State benefits of using LIFO.
State problems of using LIFO.
List factors to consider when issuing stock.

Affective Domain:

Show a positive attitude towards careful and honest stock issuing.
Appreciate the need to issue stock in a way that reduces loss and waste.

Psychomotor Domain:

Fill a simple issue voucher correctly using given stock details.
Apply LIFO to arrange the order of stock issue using a class exercise.

Participate actively in group discussion on benefits and problems of LIFO.
Work cooperatively to suggest correct stock issuing factors for a local store.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Store Management for Senior Secondary Schools (recommended textbook)
LIFO Method: Meaning and Example (Investopedia)
Inventory Management Overview (Investopedia)
Inventory Control (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Sample issue voucher
Stock issuing record sheets
Simple store rack/stack diagram showing layers of stock
Flashcards showing delivery dates/batch numbers
Whiteboard and marker

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand how stores release goods from the store and how issuing methods affect cost, quality, and record accuracy. It also helps pupils apply correct issuing decisions to reduce errors and losses in store operations.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have learnt stock records and stock control levels, and have seen goods received and issued in shops or school stores.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Method of Issuing Stock

Meaning of LIFO (Last In First Out)

LIFO is a method of issuing stock in which the most recent stock received is issued first, before older stock.

How LIFO Works

The following show how LIFO works in stock issuing:

New stock is placed on top of older stock or in front of it.
When issuing, the newest stock is picked first.
Older stock remains in the store until the newer stock is used up.
Records are updated to show quantities issued and new balance.

Benefits of LIFO

The following are benefits of using LIFO:

Reduces handling of old stock when new stock is placed on top and issued first.
Useful for non-perishable items where expiry is not a major concern.
May reflect recent purchase prices in the cost of goods issued.
Simple to apply where stock is stored in piles or stacks.

Problems of LIFO

The following are problems of using LIFO:

Older items may stay too long in the store and become obsolete or damaged.
Not suitable for perishable goods because it can lead to expiry and spoilage.
May cause poor stock rotation and untidy store arrangement.
Can increase risk of loss if old stock is forgotten at the back or bottom.

Factors to Consider When Issuing Stock

The following are factors to consider when issuing stock:

Nature of goods (perishable, fragile, seasonal, or durable).
Expiry date, production date, and batch number of goods.
Condition of goods (damaged, leaking, or deteriorating items).
Customer requirement or specification where applicable.
Store policy on issuing method (FIFO, LIFO, FEFO or other approved method).
Availability of stock and urgency of demand.
Record accuracy and authorization (issue voucher approval and proper entries).
Security and control measures to prevent unauthorized issuing.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher asks pupils to mention how goods are collected from a shop store room and why a store must follow a method when issuing goods, then introduces LIFO as a stock issuing method.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond with examples from local shops and identify that issuing needs order and record keeping.
Learning Point: Stock issuing methods guide how goods are released from the store.

Step 2: Meaning of LIFO

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines LIFO and explains the meaning of “last received, first issued” with simple store examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils take notes and restate the definition in their own words.
Learning Point: LIFO means issuing the most recently received stock first.

Step 3: How LIFO Works

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher demonstrates LIFO using stacked items or flashcards labeled with delivery dates and shows which items are issued first under LIFO.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils arrange the order of issue correctly using the teacher’s examples.
Learning Point: Under LIFO, the newest stock is issued before the older stock.

Step 4: Benefits of LIFO

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils to list benefits of LIFO and writes correct points on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils contribute points and copy the final list.
Learning Point: LIFO can be suitable for some durable items and stacked storage.

Step 5: Problems of LIFO

Time: 6 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains problems of LIFO and highlights why it is not suitable for perishable goods and goods that can become obsolete.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils give examples of items that may expire or become outdated if kept too long.
Learning Point: LIFO can cause old stock to remain too long and increase spoilage or obsolescence.

Step 6: Factors to Consider When Issuing Stock

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Question and Answer
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher presents a sample issue voucher and guides pupils to list factors that should be checked before issuing stock, including expiry date and authorization.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils study the sample voucher, ask questions, and list factors with examples.
Learning Point: Stock issuing depends on the nature of goods, store policy, demand, and proper authorization.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define the LIFO method of issuing stock.
Explain how LIFO works in a store.
State two benefits and two problems of LIFO.
List four factors to consider when issuing stock.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summary
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the lesson and gives an assignment for pupils to draft a simple issue voucher and write short notes on when LIFO may be suitable and when it should be avoided.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils copy the summary and note the assignment.
Learning Point: Correct issuing methods and checks help a store reduce loss and maintain order.

Lesson Keywords

Stock issuing – The process of releasing goods from the store for use or sale.
LIFO – A method where the last stock received is the first to be issued.
Issue voucher – A document used to authorize and record goods issued from the store.
Stock rotation – Arranging and issuing stock in an orderly way to reduce spoilage and loss.
Obsolescence – When goods become outdated and no longer useful or demanded.
Authorization – Official approval to issue goods from the store.

Differentiation

Fast learners compare LIFO with FIFO using two short examples and state where each method is best, while learners who need support use guided templates to define LIFO, list benefits and problems, and complete a sample issue voucher with teacher support.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Use simple stacked examples to make LIFO clear and relate it to common store practices. Emphasize factors such as expiry date, store policy, and authorization, and ensure pupils can define LIFO, list benefits and problems, and state issuing factors in an exam-oriented manner.