Class: Junior Secondary School 2 (JSS2, JSS 2)
Term: 2nd Term
Week: 9
Age: 13 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Basic Science And Technology
Curriculum Theme: Basic Technology
Previous Lesson: Friction – Definition, Causes, Effects, Advantages and Disadvantages
Topic: Friction (part 2)
Subject Matter: Reduction of friction, Lubricants of friction, Types and uses of friction

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:
(a) Explain methods of reducing friction.
(b) Identify common lubricants and their uses.
(c) Classify types of friction and state their applications.
Affective Domain:
(a) Appreciate the importance of reducing friction in machines and daily activities.
(b) Demonstrate a positive attitude towards using lubricants safely.
Psychomotor Domain:
(a) Apply lubricants to reduce friction in simple experiments.
(b) Perform demonstrations showing differences between types of friction.
Social Domain:
(a) Work collaboratively during group experiments on friction.
(b) Share findings and observations respectfully with peers.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
Lagos State Unified Scheme of Work for Junior Secondary Schools
Britannica – Friction | Definition, Types, & Formula
Relevant Textbooks: Basic Science and Technology for JSS 2, Longman Publishers

Instructional Materials

Spring balance
Wooden blocks and small objects
Sandpaper and smooth boards
Lubricants (oil, grease, water)
Ruler and stopwatch
Chalkboard/whiteboard and markers
Charts showing types of friction in real life

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson enables pupils to understand how friction can be controlled to improve efficiency, reduce wear and tear, and enhance safety in everyday activities and machines.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should know that friction is a resistance to motion and can affect the movement of objects on different surfaces.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Friction

Reduction of Friction

Friction can be reduced to make movement easier and to prevent damage to surfaces and machines.

The following are methods of reducing friction:

Using lubricants such as oil or grease between surfaces.
Polishing surfaces to make them smoother.
Using rollers, ball bearings, or wheels to reduce sliding friction.
Using streamlined shapes to reduce air resistance.

Lubricants of Friction

Lubricants are substances applied between surfaces to reduce friction and wear.

Examples are:

Oil – used in engines and machinery.
Grease – used in heavy machinery and bicycle chains.
Water – used in ice skating or certain machines.
Graphite – used in locks and pencils to reduce friction.

Types and Uses of Friction

Friction is the force resisting motion between surfaces in contact.

They are:

Static Friction – prevents motion until a force is applied (e.g., keeping a stationary car in place).
Sliding Friction – opposes movement of one surface over another (e.g., sliding a book on a table).
Rolling Friction – resistance when an object rolls (e.g., bicycle wheels on a road).
Fluid Friction – resistance in liquids and gases (e.g., swimming or air resistance for planes).

The uses of friction include:

Enables walking without slipping.
Allows vehicles to move safely on roads.
Helps machines transmit power.
Generates heat for warming or stopping objects.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Explanation, Demonstration, Visual Aids, Group Work

Instructional Procedures

To deliver this lesson, the teacher will adopt the following steps:

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: Revise previous lesson on friction; ask pupils what happens when two surfaces rub together; show simple demonstration with sliding blocks.
Pupils’ Activity: Listen, respond to questions, observe demonstration.
Learning Point: Recall previous knowledge and set context for new lesson.

Step 2: Methods of Reducing Friction

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation and Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: Explain and demonstrate use of lubricants, polished surfaces, and rollers.
Pupils’ Activity: Observe demonstration, take notes.
Learning Point: Pupils understand practical ways to reduce friction.

Step 3: Lubricants of Friction

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration and Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: Show different lubricants and explain their specific uses.
Pupils’ Activity: Identify lubricants and note their uses.
Learning Point: Pupils learn types of lubricants and applications.

Step 4: Types and Uses of Friction

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Lecture and Visual Aids
Teacher’s Activity: Describe static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction; show real-life examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Copy examples into notebooks, answer questions.
Learning Point: Pupils understand types of friction and where they occur.

Step 5: Note-Taking

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Guided Writing
Teacher’s Activity: Summarize board content, highlight key points.
Pupils’ Activity: Write notes from board summary.
Learning Point: Reinforce understanding and retention of key points.

Step 6: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning and Assessment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What are the methods of reducing friction?
Name two common lubricants and their uses.
List the types of friction and give an example for each.
Pupils’ Activity: Answer questions orally or in writing.
Learning Point: Assess understanding of lesson objectives.

Step 7: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Closure
Teacher’s Activity: Recap the lesson, emphasize practical importance of friction in daily life.
Pupils’ Activity: Listen and note main points.
Learning Point: Reinforce overall understanding and relevance of friction.

Lesson Keywords

Friction – resistance to motion between surfaces
Lubricant – substance that reduces friction
Static Friction – friction preventing motion
Sliding Friction – friction opposing sliding movement
Rolling Friction – friction when objects roll
Fluid Friction – friction in liquids or gases

Differentiation

Provide practical demonstrations for visual learners, group activities for social learners, and written notes for reflective learners.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Encourage pupils to perform hands-on activities safely; use real-life examples to make lesson relatable.