Printing and printing techniques for SS 3

Class: SS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 8
Age: 17 years
Duration: 60 minutes
Subject: Dyeing and Bleaching
Previous Lesson: Starch Resist Batik Practical
Topic: PRINTING
Subject Matter: Printing and printing techniques, e.g. relief processes, intaglio process, planographic process, and silk screen

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils/students should be able to:

Cognitive Domain

• Define printing in the context of textile decoration.
• Identify four major printing techniques.
• Explain the basic principle of each printing technique.

Psychomotor Domain

• Demonstrate a simple relief printing process.
• Differentiate between samples produced by various printing techniques.

Affective Domain

• Appreciate the artistic and practical applications of printing in textile design.
• Value the importance of proper technique in achieving desired print results.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

• 2014 Senior Secondary Education Curriculum (SSEC)
• Relevant State Unified Scheme of Work
• FCT ERC/NAPPS Scheme of work

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

• Examples of fabrics printed using different techniques (e.g., relief, intaglio, silk screen).
• Materials for relief printing demonstration: linoleum block or potato, carving tools, fabric ink, roller (brayer), fabric swatch.
• Diagrams or charts illustrating the principles of intaglio, planographic, and silk screen printing.

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of printing, which are essential skills in textile decoration and design. Understanding these processes enables students to create various patterns and designs on fabrics, fostering creativity and practical application in the dyeing and bleaching field. It also provides a foundation for potential careers in textile arts and manufacturing.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils/students should have a basic understanding of textile materials and simple methods of fabric decoration.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

PRINTING

Meaning of Printing

Printing, in the context of textiles, is the process of applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs. Unlike dyeing, where the entire fabric is uniformly coloured, printing involves selective application of colour to create localised designs.

Printing Techniques

There are several techniques used for printing on textiles, each with its unique principle and application. The major techniques include relief printing, intaglio printing, planographic printing, and silk screen printing.

Relief Printing

Relief printing is a technique where the printing surface is raised, and the non-printing areas are cut away or recessed. Ink is applied only to the raised surface, which then transfers the design onto the fabric when pressed. Examples include:

1. Block Printing: Designs are carved into wooden or linoleum blocks.
2. Potato Printing: Simple designs are cut into potatoes for temporary printing.

Principle: The raised parts of the block carry the ink and transfer the image.

Intaglio Printing

Intaglio printing is the opposite of relief printing. In this method, the design is incised or etched into the surface of a plate (usually metal). Ink is applied to the entire plate, then wiped off the surface, leaving ink only in the recessed lines of the design. The fabric is then pressed onto the plate under high pressure to pick up the ink from the incised areas.

Principle: The recessed parts of the plate hold the ink and transfer the image.

Planographic Printing

Planographic printing is a technique where the printing and non-printing areas are on the same flat surface, distinguished by their chemical properties rather than their height. This method relies on the principle that oil and water do not mix.

1. Lithography: The most common form, where a design is drawn on a flat stone or metal plate with a greasy substance. The surface is then treated so that the greasy areas repel water but accept oil-based ink, while the non-greasy areas accept water but repel ink.

Principle: The image is created on a flat surface based on the repulsion between oil-based ink and water.

Silk Screen Printing

Silk screen printing (also known as screen printing or serigraphy) uses a mesh screen to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas blocked by a stencil. A blade or squeegee is moved across the screen to force ink through the open mesh apertures onto the fabric below.

Principle: Ink is forced through a stencil-patterned mesh screen onto the fabric.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Explanation, Demonstration, Discussion, Question and Answer, Guided Practice

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Activating prior knowledge

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the students and asks them to mention different ways fabrics can be decorated. The teacher then introduces the topic, “Printing,” as one of the key methods of fabric decoration.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond by mentioning methods like dyeing, embroidery, and painting. They listen attentively to the introduction.

Learning Point: Fabric decoration methods

Step 2: Meaning of Printing

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the meaning of printing in the context of textile decoration, differentiating it from dyeing. The teacher uses examples of printed fabrics to illustrate the concept.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, observe the fabric examples, and ask questions for clarification.

Learning Point: Definition of printing

Step 3: Introduction to Printing Techniques

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Listing/Identification

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces the four main printing techniques to be discussed: relief, intaglio, planographic, and silk screen printing.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and note the names of the different printing techniques.

Learning Point: Major printing techniques

Step 4: Relief Printing Explanation and Demonstration

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Explanation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the principle of relief printing and demonstrates a simple relief printing process using a carved potato or linoleum block, ink, and a fabric swatch. The teacher highlights the raised areas transferring the ink.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration carefully, ask questions, and identify the raised printing surface.

Learning Point: Relief printing principle

Step 5: Intaglio and Planographic Printing

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Visual Aid

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the principles of intaglio printing and planographic printing, using diagrams or visual aids to show how ink is held in recessed areas (intaglio) or on a flat surface based on chemical properties (planographic).

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, study the diagrams, and compare these techniques with relief printing.

Learning Point: Intaglio, planographic principles

Step 6: Silk Screen Printing

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Visual Aid

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the principle of silk screen printing, describing how a stencil and mesh screen are used to transfer ink. The teacher can show a sample of a silk screen or a diagram.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and understand the concept of using a screen and stencil.

Learning Point: Silk screen printing

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

1. What is printing in the context of textiles?
2. Mention two examples of relief printing.
3. How does intaglio printing differ from relief printing?
4. Briefly explain the principle of silk screen printing.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Understanding printing techniques

Step 8: Note-Taking

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Writing

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils/students to copy the essential Board Summary notes on printing and printing techniques into their notebooks.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils/students copy the notes carefully into their notebooks.

Learning Point: Recording lesson notes

Step 9: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Consolidation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the key points of the lesson, reiterating the definition of printing and the major techniques discussed. The teacher encourages students to observe printed patterns on fabrics around them.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and reflect on the lesson’s main points.

Learning Point: Printing concepts reinforced

Continuous Assessment/Further Study

Type: Homework/Project

Instruction: Research and prepare a short report on the historical origins and development of any two printing techniques discussed in class. Include examples of their use in Nigerian textile arts.

1. Define printing in your own words.
2. List the four major printing techniques discussed.
3. Describe the unique principle of each technique.
4. Find and bring to class a small fabric sample that you believe was made using one of the printing techniques discussed.

Lesson Keywords

• Printing – Applying colour to fabric in definite patterns or designs.
• Relief Printing – Technique where the printing surface is raised.
• Intaglio Printing – Technique where the design is incised or etched into the surface.
• Planographic Printing – Technique where printing and non-printing areas are on the same flat surface.
• Silk Screen Printing – Technique using a mesh screen and stencil to transfer ink.
• Block Printing – A form of relief printing using carved blocks.

Differentiation

For students who grasp concepts quickly, encourage them to research advanced printing techniques like digital printing or resist printing. For students needing more support, provide simplified diagrams and additional hands-on practice with basic relief printing to reinforce the concept of raised surfaces.

Suggested Lesson Videos

YouTube search: textile printing techniques SS3 nigeria