Tools, Materials and Equipment for Wax Resist Dyeing for SS 3

Class: SS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 3
Age: 17 years
Duration: 60 minutes
Subject: Dyeing and Bleaching
Topic: EQUIPMENTS, MATERIALS, TOOLS, FOR WAX RESIST, E.G FABRIC WAX RESIST.
Subject Matter: Assorted dye stuff and gloves; (rubber), containers for melting wax, bowls, brooms, T-jarting, iron or hot water, mallet, etc
Previous Lesson: Types of Batik Dyeing and Resist Techniques

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils/students should be able to:

Cognitive Domain

• Identify assorted dye stuff used in wax resist dyeing.
• State the purpose of rubber gloves in the dyeing process.
• Describe suitable containers for melting wax.
• Explain the uses of bowls, brooms, T-jarting, iron or hot water, and mallet in wax resist dyeing.

Affective Domain

• Appreciate the importance of using appropriate tools and materials for effective wax resist dyeing.
• Demonstrate a willingness to follow safety guidelines when handling dyeing materials and hot wax.

Psychomotor Domain

• Handle samples of dyeing tools and materials correctly.
• Outline the steps for preparing and using some of the tools.

Social Domain

• Collaborate with peers to identify and discuss the functions of various dyeing tools.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

• 2014 Senior Secondary Education Curriculum (SSEC)
• Relevant State Unified Scheme of Work
• A suitable Textile Arts textbook for SS 3
• FCT ERC/NAPPS Scheme of work

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

• Samples of assorted dye stuff
• Rubber gloves
• Containers for melting wax (e.g., double boiler, old pot)
• Bowls (plastic, ceramic)
• Small broom or brush
• T-jarting (canting) tool
• An iron and absorbent paper
• A mallet
• Fabric samples with wax resist patterns
• Charts or pictures illustrating the tools and their uses

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson is important for students to understand the practical aspects of wax resist dyeing. Knowing the correct tools and materials ensures successful execution of the dyeing process, helps in achieving desired artistic effects, and promotes safety in the workshop. This knowledge forms a foundation for advanced textile art techniques.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Students should have a basic understanding of fabrics, colours, and general art and craft safety practices.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

EQUIPMENTS, MATERIALS, TOOLS, FOR WAX RESIST DYEING

Assorted Dye Stuff

Dye stuff refers to the colouring agents used to impart colour to fabrics. For wax resist dyeing, various types of dyes can be used, but cold water dyes are often preferred as they do not melt the wax during the dyeing process.

1. Types of Dye Stuff:
   1. Reactive Dyes (Cold Water Dyes): These dyes form a chemical bond with the fabric fibres, producing vibrant and permanent colours. Examples include Procion MX dyes. They are ideal for wax resist as they are used at room temperature.
   2. Direct Dyes: These dyes are absorbed directly by the fabric fibres. They are generally used with hot water, which can be problematic for wax resist unless the wax is very stable.
   3. Natural Dyes: Derived from plants, insects, or minerals (e.g., indigo, turmeric, madder). They require specific mordants and procedures.
2. Form: Dye stuff is typically available in powder or liquid concentrate forms.

Gloves (Rubber)

Rubber gloves are essential personal protective equipment in wax resist dyeing.

1. Purpose:
   1. To protect the hands from direct contact with dye chemicals, which can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, or staining.
   2. To protect hands from hot wax, preventing burns.
   3. To maintain hygiene and prevent contamination of the fabric or workspace.
2. Importance: Ensures safety and cleanliness throughout the dyeing process.

Containers for Melting Wax

Specialised containers are used to safely melt and maintain the molten state of wax for application.

1. Types:
   1. Double Boiler: This consists of two pots, one nested inside the other. Water is heated in the bottom pot, and the wax melts gently in the top pot from the steam. This prevents direct heat contact, reducing the risk of scorching or igniting the wax.
   2. Electric Wax Pot/Heater: A dedicated appliance designed to melt and keep wax at a consistent temperature. It often has a thermostat for temperature control.
   3. Old Pots or Cans: These can be used over a heat source, but care must be taken to use them in a double boiler setup or with very low, indirect heat. They should be dedicated solely for wax and not used for food.
2. Characteristics: Containers should be heat-resistant, easy to clean, and preferably have a wide opening for easy access to the molten wax.
3. Safety Considerations: Never melt wax directly over high flame. Always use a double boiler or a controlled electric heater to prevent overheating, which can lead to fire hazards. Work in a well-ventilated area.

Bowls

Bowls serve multiple purposes in the wax resist dyeing process.

1. Uses:
   1. Holding dye solutions for immersing fabric.
   2. Mixing dye powders with water or other chemicals.
   3. Rinsing fabrics after dyeing.
   4. Holding molten wax for dipping smaller tools or fabric sections.
   5. Storing tools temporarily.
2. Characteristics: Non-reactive materials like plastic, ceramic, or stainless steel are suitable. They should be available in various sizes to accommodate different tasks.

Brooms

In wax resist dyeing, brooms are adapted for specific wax application techniques.

1. Use:
   1. Broad Strokes: Small brooms or stiff brushes can be used to apply wax in broad, sweeping strokes, creating textured patterns or covering large areas quickly.
   2. Splattering: The bristles can be loaded with molten wax and flicked onto the fabric to create a splattered effect, adding unique textures.

T-jarting (Tjanting)

The T-jarting tool is crucial for detailed wax application in traditional batik and wax resist.

1. Description: Also known as a ‘canting’ or ‘tjanting’, it is a small, pen-like tool typically made of copper or brass with a wooden handle. It has a small reservoir for molten wax and a fine spout through which the wax flows.
2. Function: Used for drawing fine lines, dots, and intricate patterns with precision on the fabric. The molten wax flows continuously from the spout as the artist draws.

Iron or Hot Water

These are methods used to remove the wax from the fabric after the dyeing process is complete.

1. Iron Method:
   1. The dyed and dried fabric is placed between several layers of absorbent paper (e.g., newspaper, brown paper, paper towels).
   2. A hot iron is pressed over the paper, melting the wax, which is then absorbed by the paper.
   3. The paper is replaced repeatedly until no more wax is absorbed.
2. Hot Water Method:
   1. The fabric is immersed in a large pot of very hot water (often with a small amount of detergent).
   2. The hot water melts the wax, which then floats to the surface.
   3. The fabric is removed, and the wax is skimmed off the water surface. This method is effective for removing large quantities of wax.

Mallet

A mallet is used to create specific textural effects in wax resist dyeing.

1. Use:
   1. After the wax has been applied and dried on the fabric, a mallet is used to gently tap or crack the wax.
   2. This cracking creates fine lines and fissures in the wax layer.
   3. When the fabric is then dyed, the dye penetrates these cracks, resulting in a distinctive ‘crackle’ effect, which is a hallmark of many wax resist designs.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Demonstration, Guided Practice, Question and Answer, Explanation, Observation, Practical Activity

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Activating Prior Knowledge

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the students and reviews the previous lesson on the principles of wax resist dyeing. The teacher then introduces the day’s topic, asking students what they think are necessary items for dyeing fabric with wax.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to questions about the previous lesson and share their ideas on tools and materials for wax resist dyeing.

Learning Point: Overview of wax resist

Step 2: Assorted Dye Stuff

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays samples of assorted dye stuff (e.g., cold water dyes) and explains their types, forms, and suitability for wax resist dyeing. The teacher highlights the importance of choosing the right dye.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the dye samples, listen to the explanation, and ask questions for clarification.

Learning Point: Types of dye stuff

Step 3: Gloves (Rubber) and Containers for Melting Wax

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Safety Instruction

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays rubber gloves and various containers for melting wax (e.g., a double boiler, an old pot). The teacher explains the purpose of gloves and demonstrates safe methods for melting wax, emphasising safety precautions.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the items, listen to the safety instructions, and discuss the importance of safety gear and correct wax melting techniques.

Learning Point: Safety gear and wax melting

Step 4: Bowls and Brooms

Time: 8 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Practical Application

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays different types of bowls and a small broom. The teacher explains their varied uses in wax resist dyeing, such as holding dye, rinsing, and applying wax for broad strokes or splattering effects.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils identify the bowls and broom, and suggest possible uses based on the teacher’s explanation.

Learning Point: Uses of bowls and brooms

Step 5: T-jarting (Tjanting)

Time: 7 minutes

Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Description

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays a T-jarting tool and describes its structure and function. The teacher demonstrates how it is held and used for drawing fine lines and intricate patterns with molten wax.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the T-jarting tool and its demonstration, understanding its role in precision wax application.

Learning Point: Tjanting tool and function

Step 6: Iron or Hot Water and Mallet

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Concept Illustration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the methods of removing wax using an iron with absorbent paper or hot water. The teacher also displays a mallet and explains how it is used to create crackle effects on waxed fabric.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and ask questions about wax removal techniques and the purpose of the mallet.

Learning Point: Wax removal and crackle effects

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

1. Mention two types of dye stuff suitable for wax resist dyeing.
2. Why are rubber gloves important in wax resist dyeing?
3. Describe one safe method for melting wax.
4. What is the primary function of a T-jarting tool?
5. How is a mallet used in wax resist dyeing?

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Identification and uses of tools

Step 8: Note-Taking

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Writing

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils/students to copy the essential Board Summary notes on the tools, materials, and equipment for wax resist dyeing into their notebooks.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils/students copy the notes carefully into their notebooks.

Learning Point: Recording lesson content

Step 9: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Summarisation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the lesson by reiterating the importance of using the correct tools and materials for successful and safe wax resist dyeing. The teacher encourages students to explore these tools further.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen attentively and ask any final questions.

Learning Point: Reinforcement of key concepts

Continuous Assessment/Further Study

Type: Homework/Further Reading

Instruction: Research and write short notes on the following:

1. The difference between hot wax and cold wax resist techniques.
2. Other tools that can be used for applying wax besides a T-jarting tool and broom.
3. Safety precautions to observe when working with dyes and hot wax.

Lesson Keywords

• Dye stuff – Colouring agents used to impart colour to fabrics.
• Gloves – Protective hand coverings, typically rubber, used in dyeing.
• Wax melting container – A vessel, often a double boiler, used to safely melt wax.
• Bowls – Containers for mixing dyes, holding solutions, or rinsing fabrics.
• Broom – Used for applying wax in broad strokes or for splattering effects.
• T-jarting (Tjanting) – A pen-like tool for drawing fine lines with molten wax.
• Iron – Used with absorbent paper to remove wax from fabric.
• Mallet – A tool used to crack dried wax on fabric to create crackle effects.

Differentiation

Support: Provide visual aids and real-life examples of each tool. Pair weaker students with stronger ones for group discussions and identification activities. Simplify explanations for complex tools.

Extension: Encourage advanced learners to research the historical origins of tools like the T-jarting and explore different types of waxes used in resist dyeing. They can also be tasked with drawing detailed diagrams of the tools.

Suggested Lesson Videos

YouTube search for “wax resist dyeing tools materials SS3”