Class: Primary 6
Term: 1st Term
Week: 9
Age: 11 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: General Mathematics
Curriculum Theme: Number and Numeration
Previous Lesson: Addition and Subtraction, Whole Numbers, Fractions, Decimals and Reasoning.
Topic: MULTIPLICATION
Subject Matter: Multiplication by 3-digit numbers, multiplication of decimals by decimals, multiplication of fractions by fractions, squares and square roots of perfect squares, quantitative reasoning on multiplication.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define multiplication.
Multiply whole numbers by 3-digit numbers correctly.
Multiply decimals by decimals accurately.
Multiply fractions by fractions.
Identify perfect squares and find their square roots.
Solve quantitative reasoning problems involving multiplication.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of multiplication in everyday calculations.
Participate actively in class activities.

Psychomotor Domain:

Accurately perform multiplication operations on whole numbers, decimals, and fractions.
Correctly calculate squares and square roots of perfect squares.
Apply multiplication skills to solve real-world problems.

Work cooperatively with peers to solve multiplication problems.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Primary Mathematics for Primary 6
https://www.education.gov.ng
https://www.nerdc.gov.ng

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Textbook
Multiplication charts
Posters showing examples of multiplication
Workbooks
Whiteboard and markers

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils build foundational mathematical skills necessary for higher-level mathematics. Understanding multiplication enables pupils to perform calculations efficiently and solve various problems encountered in daily life, such as budgeting and measuring.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have prior knowledge of basic multiplication facts, multiplication of numbers by 1-digit and 2-digit numbers, and basic understanding of decimals and fractions.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Multiplication

Multiplication by 3-Digit Numbers

Multiplication by 3-digit numbers involves multiplying a number by a three-digit number, usually by breaking down the 3-digit number into its place values (hundreds, tens, and units) and adding the partial products.

Example 1: Multiply 245 by 123

245
x 123
—–
735 (Step 1: 245 x 3 units)
4900 (Step 2: 245 x 2 tens, write 0 in units place)
24500 (Step 3: 245 x 1 hundred, write 00 in units and tens places)
—–
30135 (Step 4: Add the partial products)

Example 2: Multiply 318 by 204

318
x 204
—–
1272 (Step 1: 318 x 4 units)
0000 (Step 2: 318 x 0 tens, write 0 in units place)
63600 (Step 3: 318 x 2 hundreds, write 00 in units and tens places)
—–
64872 (Step 4: Add the partial products)

Multiplication of Decimals by Decimals

To multiply decimals by decimals, multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers. Then, count the total number of decimal places in both numbers being multiplied and place the decimal point in the product so that it has the same total number of decimal places.

Example 1: Multiply 0.5 by 0.3

0.5 (1 decimal place)
x 0.3 (1 decimal place)
—–
15 (Multiply 5 x 3)
0.15 (Place decimal point 1+1=2 places from the right)

Example 2: Multiply 2.4 by 1.25

1.25 (2 decimal places)
x 2.4 (1 decimal place)
—–
500 (Step 1: 125 x 4)
2500 (Step 2: 125 x 20)
—–
3000 (Step 3: Add the partial products)
3.000 (Step 4: Place decimal point 2+1=3 places from the right)

Multiplication of Fractions by Fractions

To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators together. Simplify the resulting fraction if possible.

Example 1: Multiply 1/2 by 3/4

(1/2) x (3/4) = (1 x 3) / (2 x 4) = 3/8

Example 2: Multiply 2/3 by 5/6

(2/3) x (5/6) = (2 x 5) / (3 x 6) = 10/18
Simplify by dividing numerator and denominator by 2: 10/18 = 5/9

NOTE: You can cancel common factors diagonally before multiplying to simplify calculations.

(2/3) x (5/6) = (2/3) x (5/(3 x 2))
Cancel out the ‘2’: (1/3) x (5/3) = 5/9

Squares and Square Roots of Perfect Squares

A square of a number is the result of multiplying the number by itself.

Example: The square of 5 is 5 x 5 = 25.

A perfect square is a number that is the square of an integer (a whole number).

Example: 4, 9, 16, 25 are perfect squares because they are squares of 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively.

The square root of a number is a value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number. The symbol for square root is √.

Example: The square root of 25 is 5 because 5 x 5 = 25. (√25 = 5)

Some perfect squares and their square roots are:

√4 = 2
√9 = 3
√16 = 4
√36 = 6
√81 = 9
√100 = 10
√144 = 12

Quantitative Reasoning on Multiplication

Quantitative reasoning involves using mathematical concepts, including multiplication, to solve problems presented in patterns, diagrams, or real-life scenarios.

Example: If a pattern shows (3, 6, 9) and (4, 8, 12), what number completes (5, 10, __)?

Solution:

Observe the pattern: The second number is 3 x 2, and the third number is 3 x 3 for the first set.
For the second set: The second number is 4 x 2, and the third number is 4 x 3.
Following this pattern for (5, 10, __):
The second number is 5 x 2 = 10.
The third number should be 5 x 3 = 15.
Therefore, the missing number is 15.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and reviews the previous lesson on multiplication by 2-digit numbers. The teacher asks pupils to state the product of 15 x 10 and 25 x 12.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the greetings and answer the revision questions.
Learning Point: Pupils recall prior knowledge of multiplication and are prepared for the new topic.

Step 2: Multiplication by 3-Digit Numbers

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the process of multiplying whole numbers by 3-digit numbers, demonstrating with examples on the board. The teacher guides pupils through the steps of multiplying by units, tens, and hundreds, then adding the partial products.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen attentively, observe the examples, and copy notes into their exercise books. They ask questions for clarification.
Learning Point: Pupils learn how to multiply whole numbers by 3-digit numbers.

Step 3: Multiplication of Decimals by Decimals

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains how to multiply decimals by decimals, emphasizing counting the decimal places. The teacher provides examples and ensures pupils understand the placement of the decimal point in the final product.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils follow the teacher’s explanation, practice solving examples, and note down the steps.
Learning Point: Pupils understand and can perform multiplication of decimals by decimals.

Step 4: Multiplication of Fractions by Fractions

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the method for multiplying fractions, demonstrating how to multiply numerators and denominators. The teacher also shows how to simplify the resulting fractions, including cancelling common factors.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils pay attention, solve practice problems, and learn to simplify fractions after multiplication.
Learning Point: Pupils learn to multiply fractions by fractions and simplify their answers.

Step 5: Squares and Square Roots of Perfect Squares

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Definition/Illustration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines squares, perfect squares, and square roots. The teacher provides examples of finding the square of a number and the square root of perfect squares, listing common examples on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to definitions, identify perfect squares, and practice finding squares and square roots.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the concepts of squares and square roots and can identify perfect squares.

Step 6: Quantitative Reasoning on Multiplication

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Problem-Solving/Application
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces quantitative reasoning problems related to multiplication. The teacher guides pupils on how to analyze patterns and apply multiplication to find missing values in given sequences or diagrams.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the patterns, participate in solving the problems, and apply their multiplication skills.
Learning Point: Pupils develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills using multiplication.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Multiply 156 by 205.
Calculate the product of 0.8 and 0.4.
Find the product of 2/5 and 3/4.
What is the square of 7?
Find the square root of 64.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the lesson by reiterating the key points covered: multiplication by 3-digit numbers, multiplication of decimals and fractions, and understanding squares and square roots. The teacher assigns homework: Exercise 5.3, numbers 1-5 from the textbook.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the homework assignment.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and are prepared for independent practice.

Home Task: Solve three new exercises on MULTIPLICATION. Show each step and check each answer.

Lesson Keywords

Multiplication – The process of repeated addition of the same number.
Product – The result obtained when two or more numbers are multiplied.
Decimal – A number that contains a decimal point, separating the whole number part from the fractional part.
Fraction – A numerical quantity that is not a whole number (e.g., 1/2, 3/4).
Numerator – The top number in a fraction, indicating how many parts of the whole are being considered.
Denominator – The bottom number in a fraction, indicating the total number of equal parts the whole is divided into.
Square – The result of multiplying a number by itself (e.g., 5 x 5 = 25).
Perfect Square – A number that is the square of an integer (e.g., 4, 9, 16).
Square Root – A number that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number (e.g., the square root of 25 is 5).
Quantitative Reasoning – The application of basic mathematical skills to analyze and interpret information to solve problems.

Differentiation

For struggling learners, the teacher will provide additional guided practice with simpler examples and use multiplication charts. Advanced learners will be given more complex multi-step problems or encouraged to explore multiplication of mixed numbers and larger perfect squares.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure pupils have a solid grasp of basic multiplication facts before proceeding. Encourage mental math where appropriate and provide ample opportunities for practice. Pay close attention to common errors in decimal placement and fraction simplification, offering corrective feedback.