Class: Senior Secondary School 2 (SS2 / SSS2)
Term: 3rd Term
Week: 3
Age: 16 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Health Education
Curriculum Theme: Human Health and Diseases
Previous Lesson: Behaviour Altering Chemicals: Meaning, Types and Effects.
Topic: NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Subject Matter: Meaning of non-communicable diseases, differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases, types of non-communicable diseases (deficiency, hereditary, hormonal, and cell growth related diseases).

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Differentiate between communicable and non-communicable diseases.
List various types of non-communicable diseases with examples.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of understanding non-communicable diseases for personal health.
Develop a positive attitude towards adopting healthy lifestyles to prevent NCDs.

Psychomotor Domain:

Identify common symptoms or characteristics of different types of non-communicable diseases.
Categorize given diseases as either communicable or non-communicable.

Promote awareness about non-communicable diseases among peers and family.
Discuss ways to prevent and manage non-communicable diseases within their community.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

Senior Secondary Schools Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Comprehensive Health Education for Senior Secondary Schools 2
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/index.htm

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Charts showing various non-communicable diseases and their causes.
Posters illustrating the differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Rationale for the Lesson

Understanding non-communicable diseases is important because these conditions are not spread from person to person but are major causes of illness and death. This lesson helps pupils recognize different types of NCDs and encourages them to adopt healthy habits for prevention and better health outcomes.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have a basic understanding of health, diseases, and general well-being.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDs)

Meaning of Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are medical conditions or diseases that are non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. They are often chronic in nature, progress slowly, and are typically caused by a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors.

Differences Between Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

The key differences are:

Communicable Diseases: These are diseases that can be spread from one person to another (or from animals to humans) through infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples include malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, and HIV/AIDS.
Non-Communicable Diseases: These are diseases that cannot be spread from person to person. They result from a combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Examples include diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and asthma.

Types of Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases can be grouped based on their causes:

Deficiency Diseases

These diseases result from a lack of essential nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins) in the diet.

Scurvy: Caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C. Symptoms include bleeding gums and general weakness.
Pellagra: Caused by a deficiency of Niacin (Vitamin B3). Symptoms include dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
Rickets: Caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D and calcium. Leads to soft and weak bones, especially in children.
Kwashiorkor: Caused by severe protein deficiency, common in children. Symptoms include swollen belly, stunted growth, and skin changes.
Anemia: Caused by a deficiency of iron, leading to insufficient red blood cells. Symptoms include fatigue and paleness.
Beri-beri: Caused by a deficiency of Thiamine (Vitamin B1). Affects the nervous system and heart.
Marasmus: Caused by severe protein and calorie deficiency. Leads to severe wasting of body fat and muscle.
Exophthalmia: Often associated with hyperthyroidism, but can also refer to vitamin A deficiency leading to eye problems.

Diseases Due to Growth in Cells

These involve abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.

Cancer: A group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Examples include lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.

Hereditary Disorders

These are genetic conditions passed down from parents to their children.

Hemophilia: A genetic disorder that impairs the body’s ability to make blood clots, leading to prolonged bleeding.
Albinism: A genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

Hormonal Disorders

These result from an imbalance or dysfunction of hormones in the body.

Diabetes: A metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar, either because the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body can’t effectively use the insulin it produces.
Epilepsy: A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are bursts of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): A condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Infertility: The inability to conceive after a certain period of unprotected intercourse, which can be due to various hormonal or reproductive issues in either men or women.

Other Non-Communicable Diseases

These include various conditions not fitting neatly into the above categories but are also non-transmissible.

Heart Disease: A broad term for conditions that affect the heart, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
Ulcer: An open sore that develops on the lining of the stomach, small intestine, or esophagus, often caused by bacterial infection or prolonged use of certain medications.
Asthma: A chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, and coughing.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and asks them to recall what they learned about diseases in their previous class, particularly how diseases spread.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond by mentioning various ways diseases can spread.
Learning Point: Pupils activate prior knowledge about diseases.

Step 2: Meaning of Non-Communicable Diseases

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Definition
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the meaning of non-communicable diseases, emphasizing that they are not spread from person to person. The teacher uses the chart to illustrate.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen attentively and write down the definition in their notebooks.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the definition of non-communicable diseases.

Step 3: Differences between Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Comparison/Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils to identify and discuss the key differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases, using examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils contribute to the discussion by stating differences and giving examples of each type of disease.
Learning Point: Pupils can differentiate between the two major categories of diseases.

Step 4: Types of Non-Communicable Diseases (Deficiency Diseases)

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Listing/Categorization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher introduces deficiency diseases as a type of NCD, explaining their causes and providing examples like scurvy, kwashiorkor, and anemia.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, ask questions, and list the deficiency diseases and their causes.
Learning Point: Pupils learn about deficiency diseases as a category of NCDs.

Step 5: Types of Non-Communicable Diseases (Cell Growth, Hereditary, Hormonal, Others)

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Elaboration/Illustration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher continues by explaining other types of NCDs: diseases due to cell growth (e.g., cancer), hereditary disorders (e.g., hemophilia), hormonal disorders (e.g., diabetes), and other NCDs (e.g., heart disease, asthma).
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils take notes and ask for clarification on specific diseases.
Learning Point: Pupils gain knowledge of various categories and examples of non-communicable diseases.

Step 6: Discussion and Clarification

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning/Reinforcement
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher opens the floor for questions and provides further explanations or examples to clarify any misconceptions.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils ask questions and participate in a brief discussion to deepen their understanding.
Learning Point: Pupils’ understanding is reinforced and clarified.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define non-communicable diseases.
State two key differences between communicable and non-communicable diseases.
List three examples of deficiency diseases and state their causes.
Mention two examples each of hereditary and hormonal non-communicable diseases.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 2 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the main points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of understanding NCDs. The teacher assigns pupils to research ways to prevent one NCD of their choice.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the assignment.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and are given a task for further exploration.

Lesson Keywords

Non-communicable diseases – Diseases that are not spread from person to person.
Communicable diseases – Diseases that can be spread from one person to another.
Deficiency diseases – Conditions caused by a lack of essential nutrients.
Hereditary disorders – Genetic conditions passed down through families.
Hormonal disorders – Conditions resulting from an imbalance of hormones.
Cancer – A disease involving abnormal cell growth.
Diabetes – A metabolic disease causing high blood sugar.
Hypertension – High blood pressure.
Scurvy – Deficiency of Vitamin C.
Kwashiorkor – Deficiency of protein.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, the teacher can encourage them to research specific prevention strategies for NCDs. For those who require more support, the teacher will provide simplified definitions and focus on recognizing the main categories and a few key examples, offering one-on-one guidance.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Encourage pupils to share personal or family experiences with non-communicable diseases (if appropriate and comfortable) to make the lesson more relatable. Emphasize that while NCDs are not contagious, many can be prevented or managed through lifestyle choices. Use the charts and posters extensively to help visual learners.