Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1 / SSS 1)
Term: Third Term
Week: 3
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Upholstery
Curriculum Theme: Trade
Previous Lesson: Construction Of A Simple Upholstery Article: Drawing Demonstration and Project Layout.
Topic: BASIC DRAWING PRINCIPLES, EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS.
Subject Matter: Definition of basic drawing principles, Types of drawing instruments, Types of lines, Geometrical plane figures, Geometrical solids, Application of drawing in upholstery design.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define basic drawing principles.
Identify various drawing instruments.
State different types of lines and their uses.
Describe geometrical plane figures and solids.
Explain the application of drawing in upholstery design.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of accurate drawing in upholstery work.
Show interest in learning and practicing drawing techniques.

Psychomotor Domain:

Draw different types of lines accurately.
Construct simple geometrical plane figures.
Sketch basic geometrical solids.
Apply basic drawing principles to simple upholstery design sketches.

Work cooperatively with peers during practical drawing exercises.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum (Upholstery for Senior Secondary Schools).
State Unified Scheme of Work for Upholstery (SSS 1).
Upholstery Craft Practice for Senior Secondary Schools by A.O. Okoro.
https://www.curriculum.wa.edu.au/e-curriculum/technologies/design-and-technologies/glossary-of-terms/drawing-principles
https://www.britannica.com/technology/drawing-instrument

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Set square
Compass
Protractor
Drawing pencils (HB, 2B)
Drawing paper
Ruler
Examples of upholstery design sketches

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand the fundamental concepts of drawing, which is an important skill in upholstery. It enables them to accurately sketch and plan their designs before starting practical work, leading to better quality finished products.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have a basic understanding of shapes, lines, and measurements from their earlier studies.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

BASIC DRAWING PRINCIPLES, EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS

Definition of Basic Drawing Principles

Basic drawing principles are the fundamental rules and guidelines that govern the creation of technical or artistic drawings. These principles ensure clarity, accuracy, and proper representation of objects and ideas.

Types of Drawing Instruments

Drawing instruments are tools used to create precise and accurate drawings. The following are common drawing instruments:

Drawing Board: A smooth, flat surface for attaching paper.
T-square/Ruler: Used for drawing horizontal and vertical lines.
Set Squares: Used for drawing lines at specific angles (e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°).
Protractor: Used for measuring and drawing angles.
Compass: Used for drawing circles and arcs.
Divider: Used for dividing lines or transferring measurements.
Drawing Pencils: Available in different grades (e.g., H for hard, B for soft, HB for medium).
Eraser: For correcting mistakes.
Drawing Paper: Surface on which to draw.

Types of Lines

Different types of lines are used in technical drawing to convey specific information. The following are common types of lines:

Visible/Outline Lines: Thick, continuous lines used to show the visible edges and outlines of an object.
Hidden Lines: Thin, dashed lines used to represent features that are not visible from the current view.
Centre Lines: Thin, long-short-long dashed lines used to indicate the centre of symmetrical objects or circles.
Dimension Lines: Thin lines with arrowheads at the ends, used to show the extent of a dimension.
Extension Lines: Thin lines extending from the object to indicate where a dimension line begins and ends.
Construction Lines: Very light, thin lines used for initial layout and are usually erased later.

Geometrical Plane Figures

Geometrical plane figures are two-dimensional shapes that lie entirely within a single plane. They have length and width but no depth. The following are examples of plane figures:

Square: A four-sided figure with equal sides and four right angles.
Rectangle: A four-sided figure with opposite sides equal and four right angles.
Triangle: A three-sided figure.
Circle: A round plane figure whose boundary (circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (centre).
Polygon: A closed plane figure with three or more straight sides (e.g., pentagon, hexagon).

Geometrical Solids

Geometrical solids are three-dimensional objects that have length, width, and depth. The following are examples of geometrical solids:

Cube: A solid three-dimensional object with six square faces.
Cuboid: A solid three-dimensional object with six rectangular faces.
Cylinder: A solid or hollow body with a circular base and straight parallel sides.
Sphere: A perfectly round three-dimensional object.
Cone: A three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base to a point called the apex.

Application of Drawing in Upholstery Design

Drawing is important in upholstery design for several reasons:

Visualisation: Helps to visualise the final product before starting work.
Planning and Layout: Allows for accurate planning of patterns, cuts, and material placement.
Communication: Enables clear communication of design ideas to clients or other workers.
Measurement and Proportion: Ensures correct measurements and proportions are maintained.
Problem Solving: Helps identify and solve potential design or construction issues early.
Cost Estimation: Aids in estimating material quantities and costs.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and asks them if they have ever drawn anything before. The teacher then introduces the topic by explaining that drawing is a fundamental skill in many trades, including upholstery, and will enable them to create better designs.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the teacher’s questions and listen attentively to the introduction.
Learning Point: Pupils are introduced to the relevance of drawing in upholstery.

Step 2: Definition of Basic Drawing Principles

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Definition
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines basic drawing principles and explains why they are important for clear and accurate representation in upholstery design.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen and take notes.
Learning Point: Pupils understand what basic drawing principles are.

Step 3: Types of Drawing Instruments

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Identification/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays and identifies various drawing instruments such as pencils, rulers, set squares, compass, and protractor. The teacher explains the function of each instrument.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils identify the instruments and observe their uses.
Learning Point: Pupils can identify and state the uses of common drawing instruments.

Step 4: Types of Lines

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher draws and demonstrates different types of lines (e.g., visible, hidden, centre, dimension) on the board or a large paper, explaining their specific uses in technical drawing.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration and practice drawing the lines on their paper.
Learning Point: Pupils can draw and understand the purpose of different types of lines.

Step 5: Geometrical Plane Figures and Solids

Time: 10 minutes
Teaching Skill: Illustration/Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher illustrates various geometrical plane figures (e.g., square, rectangle, circle, triangle) and geometrical solids (e.g., cube, cuboid, cylinder) on the board. The teacher guides pupils to sketch these figures and solids.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils sketch the plane figures and solids in their notebooks.
Learning Point: Pupils can identify and sketch basic geometrical plane figures and solids.

Step 6: Application of Drawing in Upholstery Design

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the practical applications of drawing in upholstery design, such as planning furniture layouts, sketching fabric patterns, and visualising final products. The teacher may show simple examples of upholstery design sketches.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, ask questions, and contribute to the discussion on real-world applications.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the importance of drawing in practical upholstery work.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define basic drawing principles.
Mention three types of drawing instruments and their uses.
List four types of lines used in technical drawing.
Name two geometrical plane figures and two geometrical solids.
Explain two ways drawing is applied in upholstery design.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization/Assignment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the key points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of drawing skills in upholstery. The teacher then assigns homework: “Draw a simple sketch of an armchair and label at least two types of lines used.”
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the assignment.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and are given a task to reinforce the lesson.

Lesson Keywords

Drawing Principles – Fundamental rules for creating technical drawings.
Drawing Instruments – Tools used for precise drawing, e.g., compass, set square.
Plane Figures – Two-dimensional shapes, e.g., square, circle.
Geometrical Solids – Three-dimensional shapes, e.g., cube, cylinder.
Upholstery Design – The planning and sketching of furniture coverings and forms.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, the teacher can challenge them to create a more complex upholstery design sketch incorporating multiple geometrical shapes. For those who need more support, the teacher can provide pre-drawn templates for lines and basic shapes to trace, offering one-on-one guidance during practical exercises.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure all drawing instruments are available and in good working condition for demonstration and pupil practice. Emphasise the practical relevance of each drawing concept to upholstery work to keep pupils engaged. Encourage pupils to practice regularly to improve their drawing accuracy and speed.