Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1 / SSS 1)
Term: 3rd Term
Week: 4
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Upholstery
Curriculum Theme: Trade
Previous Lesson: Basic Drawing Instruments and Their Uses.
Topic: PRESENTATION OF DRAWING
Subject Matter: Types of drawing presentation, Free-hand sketch, Orthographic projection, Pictorial drawings, Choosing correct presentation method

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define drawing presentation.
List and explain different types of drawing presentation.
State when to use each type of drawing presentation.
Differentiate between orthographic and pictorial drawings.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of clear and accurate drawing presentation in upholstery.
Show willingness to learn and practice different drawing presentation methods.

Psychomotor Domain:

Make simple free-hand sketches of upholstery components.
Produce basic orthographic projections of simple objects.
Draw simple pictorial representations of objects.

Collaborate with peers in discussing and practicing drawing presentation techniques.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum for Upholstery (Senior Secondary Education)
State Unified Scheme of Work for Upholstery SS1
Olaitan, A.B. (2010). Technical Drawing for Senior Secondary Schools. University Press PLC.

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Sample orthographic projection sheets
Pictorial drawing samples (e.g., isometric, oblique)
Sketch pads
Pencils
Rulers
Erasers
Drawing boards (optional, for demonstration)

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand how to visually communicate design ideas and product specifications in upholstery. It enables them to create clear and accurate drawings, which is important for planning and executing practical upholstery projects effectively.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils are assumed to have basic knowledge of drawing instruments and their correct usage.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

PRESENTATION OF DRAWING

Definition of Drawing Presentation

Drawing presentation refers to the various methods used to represent an object or design graphically on a flat surface. It aims to communicate the shape, size, and features of an object clearly and accurately to others.

Types of Drawing Presentation

The following are common types of drawing presentation:

Free-hand Sketching
Orthographic Projection
Pictorial Drawings (e.g., Isometric, Oblique, Perspective)

Free-hand Sketching

Free-hand sketching involves drawing without the aid of drawing instruments like rulers, set squares, or compasses. It is used for quick communication of ideas, brainstorming, and initial design concepts.

Characteristics of free-hand sketching:

Quick and spontaneous.
Does not require specialized tools.
Focuses on conveying the main idea rather than precision.

Orthographic Projection

Orthographic projection is a method of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions by showing multiple views of the object. These views typically include the front view, top view, and side view, drawn perpendicular to each other.

Key features of orthographic projection:

Shows true sizes and shapes of features.
Used for detailed technical drawings and manufacturing.
Views are arranged systematically (First Angle or Third Angle projection).

Pictorial Drawings

Pictorial drawings are methods of representing an object in a single view, giving a three-dimensional appearance. They are useful for visualizing the object as it would appear to the eye.

Common types of pictorial drawings include:

Isometric Drawing: All three axes (height, width, depth) are equally foreshortened and are 120 degrees apart. Lines parallel to the axes are drawn to scale.
Oblique Drawing: The front face is drawn true size, and the receding lines are drawn at an angle (e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°) to represent depth.
Perspective Drawing: Creates a realistic view by making objects appear to recede into the distance, similar to how the human eye sees them. Lines converge to vanishing points.

Choosing the Correct Presentation Method

The choice of presentation method depends on the purpose of the drawing:

Free-hand Sketch: For initial ideas, quick communication, and rough drafts.
Orthographic Projection: For detailed plans, manufacturing specifications, and when precise dimensions are needed.
Pictorial Drawing: For visual communication, marketing, assembly instructions, and when a clear 3D representation is required for understanding.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils, reviews the previous lesson on drawing instruments, and asks pupils how they would show someone an idea for a new chair design. The teacher then introduces “Presentation of Drawing” as the topic for the day, explaining its importance in communicating design ideas effectively.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to questions, listen attentively, and note the topic.
Learning Point: Pupils recall prior knowledge and are introduced to the lesson topic.

Step 2: Explanation of Types of Drawing Presentation

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Lecture
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines drawing presentation and introduces the main types: free-hand sketching, orthographic projection, and pictorial drawings. The teacher explains the general purpose of each type and when they are typically used.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, take notes, and ask questions for clarification.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the different categories of drawing presentation.

Step 3: Free-hand Sketching

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains free-hand sketching, its characteristics, and demonstrates how to make a simple free-hand sketch of a basic upholstery component (e.g., a cushion or a simple frame part) on the board or sketch pad. Pupils are encouraged to try simple sketches.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration, practice making simple free-hand sketches on their sketch pads, and compare their work.
Learning Point: Pupils learn the concept and basic technique of free-hand sketching.

Step 4: Orthographic Projection

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains orthographic projection, its principles, and demonstrates how to draw the front, top, and side views of a simple rectangular block or a basic stool frame using sample orthographic sheets. The teacher highlights the importance of alignment and true dimensions.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration, study the sample sheets, and attempt to draw simple orthographic views of a given object.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the principles and application of orthographic projection.

Step 5: Pictorial Drawings

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Visual Aids
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains pictorial drawings (focusing on isometric and oblique) and their purpose. Using sample pictorial drawings, the teacher demonstrates how to draw a simple isometric or oblique view of an object previously used for orthographic projection.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the demonstration, examine sample pictorial drawings, and attempt to draw simple pictorial representations.
Learning Point: Pupils understand how to create a 3D visual representation of an object.

Step 6: Choosing the Correct Presentation Method

Time: 4 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion/Guidance
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher leads a discussion on when each drawing presentation method is most appropriate, providing scenarios related to upholstery design and fabrication. For example, when would you use a sketch versus an orthographic drawing for a new chair?
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils participate in the discussion, sharing their thoughts and justifying their choices based on the lesson content.
Learning Point: Pupils learn to select the most suitable drawing presentation method for different purposes.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What is drawing presentation?
Mention three types of drawing presentation.
State one key difference between orthographic projection and pictorial drawing.
When would you use a free-hand sketch in upholstery design?

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 3 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the main points of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of clear drawing presentation in upholstery. The teacher assigns homework: Pupils should draw a simple upholstery object (e.g., a stool) using both orthographic projection and a pictorial drawing method.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy the homework assignment.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and apply it through homework.

Lesson Keywords

Drawing Presentation – The methods used to represent an object graphically on a flat surface.
Free-hand Sketch – A drawing made without the aid of drawing instruments, used for quick ideas.
Orthographic Projection – A method showing multiple 2D views (front, top, side) of a 3D object to convey precise details.
Pictorial Drawing – A drawing method that represents a 3D object in a single view, giving a realistic appearance.
Isometric Drawing – A type of pictorial drawing where axes are 120 degrees apart, showing equal foreshortening.
Oblique Drawing – A type of pictorial drawing where the front face is true size, and receding lines are at an angle.

Differentiation

For struggling learners, the teacher will provide simpler objects for sketching and drawing, offer one-on-one guidance, and provide pre-drawn templates. Advanced learners will be challenged with more complex objects, encouraged to research different perspective drawing techniques, and asked to design a small upholstery item using multiple presentation methods.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure to have enough visual aids and practical examples for each drawing presentation type. Practical demonstrations are important for pupils to grasp the concepts. Encourage pupils to practice drawing during the lesson to build their confidence and skills. Emphasize the connection between these drawing skills and actual upholstery work.