Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1, SS 1, SSS1, SSS 1)
Term: 1st Term
Week: 7
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Economics
Curriculum Theme: Economics
Previous Lesson: Demand and Supply: Equilibrium Price and Quantity.
Topic: Theory of Production
Subject Matter: Meaning of production; types of production; factors of production.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define production in Economics.
State and explain types of production with examples.
List the factors of production.
Explain each factor of production with examples.
Relate division of labour to improved production outcomes in a simple group task.

Affective Domain:

Show positive attitude to teamwork and shared responsibility during group tasks.
Appreciate the importance of honest effort and time management in production activities.

Psychomotor Domain:

Organise simple materials and complete assigned group tasks within a given time.
Record completion time and outcomes from group activities accurately.

Work cooperatively in groups by sharing roles and respecting others’ contributions.
Communicate group findings clearly during class presentation.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Recommended Economics textbook for Senior Secondary Schools (e.g., Comprehensive Economics for SSS, Book 1)
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Production (Economics)
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Factors of Production
Investopedia: Factors of Production

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Charts showing factors of production and examples
Samples/pictures of manufactured products (e.g., soap, bread, footwear, notebook)
Simple task materials for group work (paper, scissors, markers, card, stapler)
Stopwatch/phone timer for recording completion time
Board and markers/chalk

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand how goods and services are created and why resources are needed to produce them. It also helps pupils connect production to everyday activities such as farming, trading, and manufacturing in their community.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have basic knowledge of human wants and business activities in their environment and can identify simple goods and services seen in markets and shops.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Theory of Production

Meaning of production

Production is the creation of goods and services, or the addition of utility (value) to goods and services to satisfy human wants.

The following are examples of production activities:

Farming and fishing to provide food.
Manufacturing to convert raw materials into finished goods.
Transporting goods from farm or factory to the market.
Providing services such as teaching, tailoring, and hairdressing.

Types of production

Types of production can be grouped into primary, secondary, and tertiary production.

The following are the types of production with examples:

Primary production – extraction of natural resources; examples: farming, mining, fishing, logging.
Secondary production – processing and manufacturing; examples: making bread from flour, producing cement, making clothes.
Tertiary production – provision of services; examples: transport, banking, trading, education, medical services.

Factors of production

Factors of production are the resources used to produce goods and services.

The following are the factors of production:

Land – natural resources used in production; examples: soil, rivers, forests, minerals.
Labour – human effort used in production; examples: teachers, farmers, drivers, factory workers.
Capital – man-made assets used to produce other goods; examples: machines, tools, buildings, vehicles.
Entrepreneurship – ability to organise other factors and take risks; examples: business owners who plan and manage production.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays manufactured products/pictures and asks pupils to state how each item is made and who is involved, then introduces production as creating goods and services.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils mention examples of goods and services and describe where they come from (farm, factory, shop, service provider).
Learning Point: Production involves making goods and providing services to satisfy wants.

Step 2: Meaning of production

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the meaning of production and utility creation, then gives simple examples from the community.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils restate the meaning of production and give two examples each of goods and services produced around them.
Learning Point: Production adds value to goods and services to meet human wants.

Step 3: Types of production

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher uses a chart to explain primary, secondary, and tertiary production and links each type to local examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils classify given activities into primary, secondary, or tertiary production and provide examples.
Learning Point: Production is grouped into primary, secondary, and tertiary activities.

Step 4: Factors of production

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation and Questioning
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher presents the factors of production and explains land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship with examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils list the factors of production and give examples for each factor.
Learning Point: Land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship are needed for production.

Step 5: Demonstration of division of labour (group task)

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Activity-Based Learning
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher assigns parts of a simple task (e.g., making paper shapes or assembling a short card) to different groups, times the activity, and monitors role sharing and completion.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils work in groups to complete assigned parts of the task, record time taken, and compare outcomes across groups.
Learning Point: Sharing tasks among group members can improve speed and output in production.

Step 6: Class discussion and summary of findings

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils to connect the group activity to production, identifying resources used and roles performed, and summarises key points on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils present group results and state which factors of production were involved in the task.
Learning Point: Production uses resources and organised roles to achieve output.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define production.
List the three types of production.
State the four factors of production.
Explain any two factors of production with one example each.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summary and Reinforcement
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the meaning of production, types of production, and factors of production, then gives an assignment: write one example each of primary, secondary, and tertiary production and identify the factors of production used in one chosen example.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils copy the summary and complete the assignment task.
Learning Point: Production involves different activities and requires resources to create goods and services.

Lesson Keywords

Production – creation of goods and services or addition of value to satisfy wants.
Primary Production – extraction of natural resources such as farming and mining.
Secondary Production – processing and manufacturing of goods.
Tertiary Production – provision of services such as transport and banking.
Land – natural resources used in production.
Labour – human effort used in production.
Capital – tools and machines used to produce other goods.
Entrepreneurship – organising resources and taking risks to produce goods and services.

Differentiation

Provide a guided chart with examples for learners who need support, while advanced learners classify more production activities and explain how changes in one factor (e.g., labour or capital) can affect output.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Use simple local examples such as farming, tailoring, transport, and small manufacturing to make production real to pupils. During the group task, ensure roles are shared fairly and link each role to factors of production when summarising.