Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SS1, SS 1, SSS1, SSS 1)
Term: 1st Term
Week: 5
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Economics
Curriculum Theme: Economics
Previous Lesson: Concepts of Demand and Supply: Price System and Demand.
Topic: Concepts of Demand and Supply
Subject Matter: Meaning of supply; supply schedule; law of supply; factors affecting supply.

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define supply.
Differentiate between supply and quantity supplied.
Prepare a simple supply schedule from given data.
Draw a simple supply curve from a supply schedule.
State the law of supply.
List factors that affect supply.

Affective Domain:

Show interest in observing how sellers respond to price changes in markets.
Appreciate honesty and fairness in market dealings and production decisions.

Psychomotor Domain:

Construct a supply schedule neatly using a table format.
Plot points and draw a supply curve correctly on a graph.

Participate actively in group discussion using examples from shops and markets.
Work cooperatively to present factors affecting supply with examples.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum
State Unified Scheme of Work
Recommended Economics textbook for Senior Secondary Schools (e.g., Essential Economics for SSS, Book 1)
Encyclopaedia Britannica: Supply
Investopedia: Law of Supply
Khan Academy: Supply and Demand

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Pictures of people buying and selling in markets and shops
Commodity samples or images (e.g., tomatoes, sachet water, bread)
Charts showing a sample supply schedule and supply curve
Graph sheets, ruler, pencil, and eraser
Board and markers/chalk

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand how producers and sellers decide how much to bring to the market when prices change. It also helps pupils explain common market situations such as shortages and plenty of goods.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have visited markets or shops, have seen sellers increase or reduce goods available for sale, and can interpret simple tables and graphs.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Supply in Economics

Meaning of supply

Supply is the quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to offer for sale at various prices within a given period.

The following are key points about supply:

Supply refers to sellers/producers, not buyers.
Supply depends on willingness and ability to sell.
Supply is measured over a period of time (e.g., per day, per week).

Supply and quantity supplied

Supply refers to the relationship between different prices and quantities offered for sale, while quantity supplied is the specific amount offered for sale at one particular price.

Supply schedule

A supply schedule is a table showing the quantity supplied of a good at different prices.

The following is an example of a supply schedule:

Price (₦): 100, 200, 300, 400, 500
Quantity supplied: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Supply curve

A supply curve is a graph showing the relationship between price and quantity supplied.

The following are features of a supply curve:

Price is on the vertical axis (Y-axis).
Quantity supplied is on the horizontal axis (X-axis).
It slopes upward from left to right in normal cases.

Law of supply

The law of supply states that, all things being equal, as the price of a commodity rises, quantity supplied rises, and as the price falls, quantity supplied falls.

Factors affecting supply

The following are factors that affect supply:

Price of the commodity – higher price encourages producers to supply more.
Cost of production – higher costs reduce supply.
Technology – improved technology increases supply.
Number of sellers/producers – more sellers increase supply.
Government policies – taxes reduce supply while subsidies increase supply.
Price of related goods in production – producers may switch to more profitable goods, reducing supply of others.
Weather and natural conditions – good weather increases supply of farm products, bad weather reduces it.
Expectations of future prices – expected higher future prices may reduce current supply.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays pictures of markets/shops and asks pupils what makes sellers bring more goods on some days and fewer goods on other days, then introduces supply.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils share experiences of goods being plenty or scarce in the market and give examples.
Learning Point: Sellers respond to market conditions when supplying goods.

Step 2: Meaning of supply and quantity supplied

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher defines supply and explains the difference between supply and quantity supplied with simple examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils state the meaning of supply and give one example of quantity supplied at a given price.
Learning Point: Supply is a price-quantity relationship, while quantity supplied is at one price.

Step 3: Supply schedule

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher provides a set of prices and quantities supplied and guides pupils to arrange them into a supply schedule.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils construct a supply schedule in their notebooks using the given data.
Learning Point: A supply schedule shows quantities supplied at different prices.

Step 4: Supply curve

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Demonstration and Guided Practice
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher plots the supply schedule on a graph, labels axes correctly, and draws the supply curve showing the upward slope.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils plot points and draw the supply curve on graph sheets.
Learning Point: The supply curve shows the relationship between price and quantity supplied.

Step 5: Law of supply

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Question and Answer
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher states the law of supply and asks pupils to link it to the supply curve and market examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils state the law of supply and give examples from markets where higher price led to more supply.
Learning Point: Price and quantity supplied usually move in the same direction.

Step 6: Factors affecting supply

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides group discussion on factors affecting supply and requests examples for each factor from market or school life.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils discuss and present factors affecting supply with examples (e.g., weather affecting tomatoes, cost affecting bread).
Learning Point: Supply depends on price and other conditions such as cost and government policy.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

Define supply.
Differentiate between supply and quantity supplied.
Prepare a supply schedule using these prices and quantities: Price (₦) 50, 100, 150, 200; Quantity supplied 3, 5, 7, 9.
List four factors that affect supply.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summary and Reinforcement
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the meaning of supply, supply schedule, supply curve, law of supply, and factors affecting supply, then gives an assignment: draw a supply curve from a given schedule and explain two factors affecting supply with examples.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils copy the summary and assignment and ask questions where necessary.
Learning Point: Supply can be explained using schedules, curves, the law of supply, and influencing factors.

Lesson Keywords

Supply – quantity producers are willing and able to offer for sale at different prices within a period.
Quantity Supplied – amount offered for sale at a particular price.
Supply Schedule – table showing quantities supplied at various prices.
Supply Curve – graph showing the relationship between price and quantity supplied.
Law of Supply – higher price increases quantity supplied and lower price reduces it, other things equal.
Cost of Production – expenses incurred in producing goods and services.
Subsidy – government support that can reduce production cost and increase supply.

Differentiation

Support slower learners with partially completed tables and guided plotting of points, while faster learners interpret how specific factors change supply and present short market-based examples to the class.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Use familiar local goods and simple numbers so pupils can quickly form supply schedules and graphs. Emphasize correct axis labeling and the meaning of “other things being equal” when stating the law of supply.