Class: Senior Secondary School 1 (SSS 1)
Term: 1st Term
Week: 9
Age: 15 years
Duration: 45 minutes
Subject: Carpentry And Joinery
Curriculum Theme: Entrepreneurship Trade Subjects
Previous Lesson: First Aid Application in Workshop.
Topic: HAND TOOLS – Marking Out, Sawing and Abrading Tools
Subject Matter: types of marking out tools, types of sawing tools, types of abrading tools, uses of hand tools

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

Cognitive Domain:

Define marking out tools, sawing tools, and abrading tools.
Identify different types of marking out, sawing, and abrading tools.
State the uses of various hand tools in carpentry and joinery.

Affective Domain:

Appreciate the importance of using the correct tool for specific tasks.
Value the need for safety precautions when handling hand tools.
Demonstrate willingness to learn about different carpentry tools.

Psychomotor Domain:

Sketch different marking out, sawing, and abrading tools.
Handle common hand tools correctly (demonstration).

Participate actively in class discussions about hand tools.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

9 Years Basic Education Curriculum for Technology Education.
State Unified Scheme of Work for Senior Secondary Schools.
Carpentry and Joinery for Senior Secondary Schools by A. O. Adekunle.
https://www.woodmagazine.com/tool-reviews/hand-tools/what-are-hand-tools
https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/woodworking-hand-tools-3536830

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

Actual hand tools (e.g., measuring tape, try square, hand saw, file, sandpaper).
Charts showing different types of marking out, sawing, and abrading tools.
Posters illustrating the safe use of hand tools.
Whiteboard and markers.

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson helps pupils understand the basic tools used in carpentry and joinery, which is fundamental for any practical work in the trade. Knowing these tools and their uses enables pupils to perform various woodworking tasks effectively and safely in real-life situations.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils should have a basic understanding of simple tools and materials used in everyday tasks.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

HAND TOOLS – Marking Out, Sawing and Abrading Tools

Introduction to Hand Tools

Hand tools are instruments operated manually, without the use of electricity or motor, used to perform various tasks such as measuring, marking, cutting, shaping, and finishing materials like wood.

Marking Out Tools

Marking out tools are used to transfer measurements and patterns onto a workpiece before cutting or shaping. They help ensure accuracy in woodworking projects.

The following are types of marking out tools:

Measuring Tape/Rule: Used for measuring lengths and distances.
Try Square: Used to mark and check squareness (90-degree angles).
Marking Gauge: Used to mark lines parallel to an edge.
Scriber: A sharp-pointed tool used to scratch lines on wood or metal.
Pencil: Used for general marking on wood surfaces.

Sawing Tools

Sawing tools are used for cutting wood to desired sizes and shapes. They consist of a blade with teeth designed to remove material.

The following are types of sawing tools:

Hand Saw: A general-purpose saw for cutting wood across or along the grain.
Rip Saw: Designed for cutting wood along the grain (ripping).
Cross-cut Saw: Designed for cutting wood across the grain.
Tenon Saw: A small saw with a stiff back, used for cutting accurate joints like tenons and shoulders.
Coping Saw: Used for cutting intricate curves and shapes, especially in mouldings.

Abrading Tools

Abrading tools are used for smoothing, shaping, and finishing wood surfaces by removing small amounts of material through friction.

The following are types of abrading tools:

Files: Hand tools with cutting teeth used for shaping and smoothing wood or metal. They come in various shapes and cuts (e.g., flat, half-round, round, rasp).
Sandpaper: Abrasive paper used for smoothing wood surfaces. It comes in different grit sizes (coarse to fine).
Sanding Block: A block used to hold sandpaper for even pressure and smoother sanding.

Uses of Hand Tools

Hand tools are essential for various tasks in carpentry and joinery:

Measuring and marking out dimensions.
Cutting wood to size and shape.
Shaping and forming joints.
Smoothing and finishing surfaces.
Assembling components.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Lecture, Demonstration, Question and Answer, Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Set Induction
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the pupils and introduces the topic by asking pupils to mention any tools they know that are used to work with wood. The teacher then writes the topic on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond by mentioning tools they know (e.g., hammer, saw, measuring tape).
Learning Point: Pupils are introduced to the lesson topic and relate it to prior knowledge.

Step 2: Marking Out Tools

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains what marking out tools are and demonstrates the use of actual examples like a measuring tape, try square, and marking gauge. The teacher sketches these tools on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the tools, listen to the explanations, and note down key points and sketches.
Learning Point: Pupils identify and understand the function of various marking out tools.

Step 3: Sawing Tools

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains what sawing tools are and demonstrates different types of saws such as a hand saw, tenon saw, and coping saw, highlighting their specific uses. The teacher sketches these tools on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the saws, listen to the explanations, and note down key points and sketches.
Learning Point: Pupils identify and understand the function of various sawing tools.

Step 4: Abrading Tools

Time: 7 minutes
Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains what abrading tools are and demonstrates examples like files and sandpaper, explaining their different grades and uses for smoothing and finishing. The teacher sketches these tools on the board.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the abrading tools, listen to the explanations, and note down key points and sketches.
Learning Point: Pupils identify and understand the function of various abrading tools.

Step 5: Uses of Hand Tools

Time: 5 minutes
Teaching Skill: Elaboration/Questioning
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the general uses of the discussed hand tools and asks pupils to state specific uses for each tool demonstrated.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils state the uses of the tools and ask questions for clarification.
Learning Point: Pupils understand the practical applications of different hand tools.

Step 6: Practical Sketching Session

Time: 8 minutes
Teaching Skill: Practical Application/Supervision
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher instructs pupils to sketch at least one example from each category of hand tools (marking out, sawing, abrading) in their notebooks. The teacher moves around to provide guidance.
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils sketch the tools as instructed.
Learning Point: Pupils develop their observational and drawing skills related to carpentry tools.

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

What are marking out tools?
List three examples of sawing tools.
Mention two common abrading tools and their uses.
State one importance of using the correct hand tool for a task.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Pupils demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Step 8: Conclusion

Time: 3 minutes
Teaching Skill: Summarization/Assignment
Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarizes the key points of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of hand tools in carpentry and joinery. The teacher assigns homework: “Draw and label five different hand tools discussed in class.”
Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and copy down the homework.
Learning Point: Pupils consolidate their learning and prepare for further study.

Lesson Keywords

Hand Tools – Instruments operated manually for specific tasks.
Marking Out Tools – Used for transferring measurements and patterns.
Sawing Tools – Used for cutting wood.
Abrading Tools – Used for smoothing, shaping, and finishing surfaces.
Grit – The fineness or coarseness of abrasive particles on sandpaper.

Differentiation

For pupils who grasp concepts quickly, they can be asked to identify additional types of tools or research their historical development. For pupils who need more support, the teacher will provide closer supervision during sketching and offer simplified explanations, focusing on identifying the main tools and their basic uses.

Note for teachers using this lesson plan

Ensure actual tools are available for demonstration to enhance understanding. Emphasize safety precautions when handling tools, even during demonstration. Encourage pupils to ask questions and share their experiences with tools.