New Curriculum Second Term Livestock Farming examination for SS 1

Class: SS 1
Term: Second Term
Subject: Livestock Farming
Time: 2 hours
Total Marks: 70

SECTION A: OBJECTIVES (40 Marks)
Instruction: Answer all questions. Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the best option (a), (b), (c) or (d).

1. ________ is especially important for regulating body processes and transporting dissolved nutrients. (a) Water    (b) Dietary fat    (c) Mineral salts    (d) Carbohydrates
2. Which type of ration is most relevant to a cow in active milk production? (a) An idle adult maintenance ration only    (b) A brooding ration for laying hens    (c) Lactation or production ration    (d) A mating-marker selection ration
3. A farm changes a breeding female’s ration near parturition. The justification should be ________. (a) a desire to use identical feed for every animal    (b) the weather forecast alone without animal needs    (c) the market price of its offspring only    (d) changing physiological needs during reproduction
4. An animal receives adequate feed but has no clean drinking water. What is the likely effect? (a) Greater digestion with no physiological cost    (b) Automatic conversion of roughage to protein    (c) Reduced intake and impaired normal body function    (d) A reliable rise in growth rate
5. A herdsman compares green fodder, hay and silage. What do they chiefly have in common? (a) They are all purified fats    (b) They contain no fibre under any conditions    (c) They are recognised forms of roughage    (d) They must always provide identical nutrients
6. Which statement best distinguishes feed from a nutrient? (a) Feed is the material eaten; nutrients are its usable components    (b) Nutrients are only feed bags, while feed is water    (c) Feed exists only as protein, nutrients only as grain    (d) A ration cannot contain more than one nutrient
7. A feed store contains dry grain beside a damp, mouldy bag. Which action is safest? (a) Mix mouldy grain with good feed to disguise the smell    (b) Isolate the suspect feed and use only suitable uncontaminated stock    (c) Feed the mouldy bag first to avoid waste    (d) Assume all damp grain becomes more nutritious
8. A farmer needs 15 kg protein source in a 60 kg batch. Which percentage should appear in the formula? (a) 15%    (b) 40%    (c) 25%    (d) 60%
9. Which rule is NOT sound for feed formulation? (a) Consider nutrient balance    (b) Check animal production stage    (c) Review the reliability of ingredient supply    (d) Use any available spoiled ingredient if it reduces cost
10. Why are dietary fats useful in many livestock rations? (a) They provide concentrated energy and aid use of fat-soluble vitamins    (b) They replace all drinking water    (c) They prevent every infectious disease    (d) They eliminate the need for protein
11. Which sequence is most defensible when formulating livestock feed? (a) Choose bag design, mix randomly, then ask about nutrient needs    (b) Select the cheapest ingredient only and ignore its composition    (c) Copy a poultry ration unchanged for all cattle    (d) Determine needs, assess ingredients, balance proportions, check safety and cost
12. The correct step before approving a feed mixture is ________. (a) to buy the cheapest spoiled ingredient    (b) to use a poultry formula unchanged for cattle    (c) to ignore the mixing proportions    (d) to check the animal class, ingredient quality and nutrient balance
13. All are possible consequences of persistent underfeeding except ________. (a) Poor growth    (b) Guaranteed improvement in disease resistance    (c) Lower productivity    (d) Weakened body condition
14. A farmer combines 30 kg maize and 10 kg groundnut cake. What is the groundnut-cake proportion by mass? (a) 10%    (b) 33.3%    (c) 25%    (d) 75%
15. A livestock enterprise wants a meaningful nutrition indicator. Which combination is best? (a) Amount offered, with no record of intake or growth    (b) Weight alone, without timing, age or feed-consumption data    (c) Feed intake, growth or output, and body condition    (d) Rainfall figures without animal observations
16. The ________ in a growing animal’s ration most directly support tissue growth and repair. (a) carbohydrates    (b) fats    (c) mineral salts    (d) proteins
17. Which combination correctly pairs a class of nutrient with its principal function? (a) Protein—replacement for drinking water    (b) Carbohydrate—energy supply    (c) Vitamin—primary bulk energy source    (d) Fat—sole provider of every mineral
18. Which of the following is NOT a reliable quality indicator for a livestock feed? (a) Appropriate storage and dryness    (b) An unusually low price despite an unexplained strong odour    (c) Absence of visible mould and contamination    (d) Suitable composition for the target animal
19. A ration has sufficient energy and protein but consistently lacks mineral supplements. Which class still needs attention? (a) Only the animal’s age category    (b) Only an additional energy grain regardless of mineral intake    (c) Minerals    (d) A second energy ingredient regardless of needs
20. Which of the following is NOT a valid reason for classifying ingredients by nutrient content? (a) It helps balance rations    (b) It guarantees every ingredient is safe regardless of spoilage    (c) It identifies energy versus protein sources    (d) It supports choosing substitutes
21. What difference is most relevant when choosing between fibrous roughage and concentrated feed? (a) The spelling of their names on the invoice    (b) Whether the feed is transported in a lorry    (c) Which feed bag is larger when empty    (d) Bulk and fibre content relative to nutrient density
22. A recovering animal needs tissue repair. Which class of nutrients is most directly involved? (a) Carbohydrates only    (b) Water alone without nutrients    (c) Proteins    (d) Undigested feed fibre only
23. Which feeding plan best uses feed classes to meet a mixed nutrient requirement? (a) Use a single energy grain without checking requirements    (b) Combine appropriate energy, protein and other needed nutrient sources    (c) Offer only mineral salt to growing animals    (d) Replace the feed mixture with untreated water
24. A ration designed mainly to keep an adult animal alive without growth or production is a ________. (a) maintenance ration    (b) growth ration    (c) lactation ration    (d) fattening ration
25. All the following should influence feed formulation except ________. (a) animal class and stage of growth    (b) nutrient contribution of ingredients    (c) cost and safe availability    (d) the farmer’s favourite packaging colour
26. A feed mix is 60% maize in a 50 kg batch. How many kilograms of maize are required? (a) 30 kg    (b) 20 kg    (c) 35 kg    (d) 60 kg
27. ________ remains essential even when feed supplies plenty of nutrients. (a) Clean drinking water    (b) A brighter feed-bag design    (c) A more expensive sales receipt    (d) An enlarged breed-name label
28. A ration is offered daily but half is discarded. Why must the farmer assess intake rather than quantity offered? (a) All feed offered is automatically digested    (b) Feed wastage is independent of ration cost    (c) Feeding frequency cannot affect nutrient intake    (d) Animals benefit from nutrients actually consumed
29. Why is adequate nutrition important before and during reproduction? (a) It permanently eliminates every inherited defect    (b) It makes disease prevention unnecessary    (c) It supports body condition and reproductive performance    (d) It changes an animal’s species
30. A good feed must meet nutrient needs and also be ________. (a) the same recipe for every species and stage    (b) as expensive as possible regardless of quality    (c) safe, palatable and reasonably free from contaminants    (d) higher in cost irrespective of freshness or safety
31. The main reason for balancing energy and protein ingredients is ________. (a) to maximise energy supply while ignoring protein requirements    (b) to meet different nutrient needs without major excess or deficiency    (c) to avoid observing growth and milk output    (d) to replace fresh water with concentrate
32. A dairy cow’s milk output falls after a prolonged shortage of quality feed. Which link is most reasonable? (a) Nutrient supply affects production as well as maintenance    (b) Milk output depends only on breed labels    (c) Feed quality matters only during early pregnancy    (d) Every decline in milk is caused by a viral infection
33. The ________ should change when a growing animal’s nutrient demand rises above maintenance. (a) breed name on its ear tag    (b) ration composition and quantity    (c) market stall location    (d) the animal’s sale price without revisiting its nutrient needs
34. Which feeding claim is NOT correct? (a) Vitamins alone supply most of the ration’s energy    (b) Minerals help physiological functions    (c) Water is essential for metabolism    (d) Protein supports growth and tissue repair
35. After rats damage several feed sacks, the correct management response is ________. (a) sell the damaged feed as premium quality    (b) inspect contamination, reject unsafe feed and improve pest-proof storage    (c) hide the signs under new labels    (d) increase ration size without checking safety
36. A crop residue is coarse and fibrous. It most closely resembles which feed class? (a) Roughage    (b) A purified mineral supplement    (c) A concentrated vitamin premix    (d) A high-protein cake by definition
37. A dairy cow’s ration is changed from mainly roughage to only concentrate. The chief concern is ________. (a) disrupting a suitable balance of fibre and nutrient supply    (b) making the breed spontaneously change    (c) preventing any water absorption from occurring    (d) ensuring the animal becomes immune to disease
38. Feed formulation differs from stating a daily ration because formulation involves ________. (a) listing preferred ingredients without calculating proportions    (b) naming breeds without planning ingredients    (c) selling feed without measuring any quantity    (d) selecting ingredient proportions to meet nutritional requirements
39. Which ingredient is most appropriately grouped with energy concentrates? (a) Fresh pasture grass as roughage    (b) Maize grain    (c) Hay as stored forage    (d) Silage as preserved roughage
40. A rapidly growing young pig has higher nutrient demands than an idle mature pig. Which plan is appropriate? (a) The same maintenance ration for every animal    (b) A lactation ration regardless of age and sex    (c) A water-only ration until maturity    (d) A growth ration matched to its stage and requirements

SECTION B: THEORY (30 Marks)
Instruction: Answer Question 1 and any other TWO questions. Each answered question carries 10 marks. Show your working where applicable.

Question 1 (10 marks). A calf-rearing unit reports slow growth although feed is given twice daily. (a) Distinguish feed, nutrients, feeding, maintenance requirement and growth requirement. (5 marks) (b) Explain FIVE reasons why the animal’s feeding programme should be reviewed rather than judging only feed offered. (5 marks)

Question 2 (10 marks). A farmer uses maize, groundnut cake and hay in a ration. (a) Classify the THREE feed sources and explain TWO useful nutrient functions. (5 marks) (b) Explain FIVE qualities of safe, suitable livestock feed. (5 marks)

Question 3 (10 marks). A proposed 100 kg ration contains 60 kg maize, 25 kg groundnut cake and 15 kg other ingredients. (a) Calculate each component’s percentage and identify the main nutrient purpose of maize and groundnut cake. (5 marks) (b) Explain FIVE checks required before approving the formula for an intended class of livestock. (5 marks)

Question 4 (10 marks). A dairy farm wants to replace its single ration with different rations for growing calves, dry adult cows and lactating cows. (a) Explain why their requirements differ, giving the appropriate ration purpose for each and TWO relevant nutritional considerations. (5 marks) (b) State FIVE principles for preparing or evaluating balanced feed formulations. (5 marks)

Objective Marking Scheme
Question 1 – ✅ (a) Water
Question 2 – ✅ (c) Lactation or production ration
Question 3 – ✅ (d) changing physiological needs during reproduction
Question 4 – ✅ (c) Reduced intake and impaired normal body function
Question 5 – ✅ (c) They are recognised forms of roughage
Question 6 – ✅ (a) Feed is the material eaten; nutrients are its usable components
Question 7 – ✅ (b) Isolate the suspect feed and use only suitable uncontaminated stock
Question 8 – ✅ (c) 25%
Question 9 – ✅ (d) Use any available spoiled ingredient if it reduces cost
Question 10 – ✅ (a) They provide concentrated energy and aid use of fat-soluble vitamins
Question 11 – ✅ (d) Determine needs, assess ingredients, balance proportions, check safety and cost
Question 12 – ✅ (d) to check the animal class, ingredient quality and nutrient balance
Question 13 – ✅ (b) Guaranteed improvement in disease resistance
Question 14 – ✅ (c) 25%
Question 15 – ✅ (c) Feed intake, growth or output, and body condition
Question 16 – ✅ (d) proteins
Question 17 – ✅ (b) Carbohydrate—energy supply
Question 18 – ✅ (b) An unusually low price despite an unexplained strong odour
Question 19 – ✅ (c) Minerals
Question 20 – ✅ (b) It guarantees every ingredient is safe regardless of spoilage
Question 21 – ✅ (d) Bulk and fibre content relative to nutrient density
Question 22 – ✅ (c) Proteins
Question 23 – ✅ (b) Combine appropriate energy, protein and other needed nutrient sources
Question 24 – ✅ (a) maintenance ration
Question 25 – ✅ (d) the farmer’s favourite packaging colour
Question 26 – ✅ (a) 30 kg
Question 27 – ✅ (a) Clean drinking water
Question 28 – ✅ (d) Animals benefit from nutrients actually consumed
Question 29 – ✅ (c) It supports body condition and reproductive performance
Question 30 – ✅ (c) safe, palatable and reasonably free from contaminants
Question 31 – ✅ (b) to meet different nutrient needs without major excess or deficiency
Question 32 – ✅ (a) Nutrient supply affects production as well as maintenance
Question 33 – ✅ (b) ration composition and quantity
Question 34 – ✅ (a) Vitamins alone supply most of the ration’s energy
Question 35 – ✅ (b) inspect contamination, reject unsafe feed and improve pest-proof storage
Question 36 – ✅ (a) Roughage
Question 37 – ✅ (a) disrupting a suitable balance of fibre and nutrient supply
Question 38 – ✅ (d) selecting ingredient proportions to meet nutritional requirements
Question 39 – ✅ (b) Maize grain
Question 40 – ✅ (d) A growth ration matched to its stage and requirements

Theory Marking Scheme
Question 1 (10 marks)
(a) Five correctly distinguished terms, 1 mark each
(b) Actual intake, spoilage, energy supply, protein adequacy, water, health, animal stage, ration waste; any five linked to growth, 1 each

Question 2 (10 marks)
(a) Maize energy 1, groundnut cake protein 1, hay roughage 1, protein growth 1, energy maintenance 1
(b) Appropriate nutrients, safe from mould, free of contamination, palatable, correctly stored, suited to species/stage, clean and fresh; any five 1 each

Question 3 (10 marks)
(a) 60% maize, 25% cake, 15% other (3 marks), maize energy (1), cake protein (1)
(b) Species/stage, nutrient requirements, ingredient safety, palatability, reliable quantity and quality, cost, water supply, correct mixing; any five 1 each

Question 4 (10 marks)
(a) Growth, maintenance, lactation uses (3), two valid demand-based reasons (2)
(b) Determine needs, choose safe ingredients, balance nutrients, calculate quantities, ensure fibre, cost, mix uniformly, monitor performance; five 1 each