New Curriculum Second Term Geography examination for SS 1

Class: SSS 1
Term: Second Term
Subject: Geography
Time: 2 hours
Total Marks: 70

SECTION A — OBJECTIVE TEST (40 MARKS)
Instruction: Answer ALL 40 questions. Each question carries 1 mark. Choose the most appropriate option (a)–(d).

1. A match begins at 15:00 in a town on 0° longitude. What is the local solar time at 30°E? (a) 19:00 (b) 13:00 (c) 17:00 (d) 15:30
2. A fishing settlement forms on a river while a mining town grows beside ore deposits. What chiefly explains their different activities? (a) the number of nearby longitude lines (b) the direction of Earth's revolution (c) the planetary order (d) local resource availability
3. Two settlements on one meridian are at 6°N and 10°N. Estimate their north–south separation using 111 km per degree. (a) 666 km (b) 444 km (c) 111 km (d) 1,110 km
4. A map uses 1 cm to represent 100 km. A 6 cm line represents approximately ________ on the ground. (a) 6,000 km (b) 1,000 km (c) 60 km (d) 600 km
5. After a floodplain is paved for housing, nearby streams rise faster in heavy rain. Identify the main physical explanation. (a) the disappearance of gravity (b) decreased surface flow on every storm day (c) a permanent reduction in all rainfall (d) more rapid runoff from impermeable surfaces
6. ________ is the city at the confluence of the Rivers Niger and Benue. (a) Lokoja (b) Abeokuta (c) Maiduguri (d) Sokoto
7. Buildings in a new settlement mostly follow a single road corridor. Name the dominant settlement pattern. (a) circular contour pattern (b) random geological faulting (c) linear settlement (d) dispersed settlement
8. Nigeria lies north of the Equator and east of Greenwich. Which coordinate is consistent with a location inside Nigeria? (a) 9°N, 80°W (b) 9°S, 8°E (c) 9°N, 8°E (d) 70°N, 8°E
9. A trader moves from northern Nigeria into Niger Republic. Identify the general direction of travel. (a) south (b) southwest (c) east (d) north
10. A school records rainfall for one afternoon, while a station compares typical rainfall over 30 years. These describe ________ respectively. (a) weather and climate (b) two kinds of longitude (c) relief and drainage (d) climate and weather
11. Why do employment opportunities often contribute to urban growth? (a) They automatically decrease population density (b) They prevent all rural-to-urban movement (c) They eliminate the need for housing (d) They attract migrants from other settlements
12. Which distinction between relief and drainage is correct? (a) Relief describes land height and form; drainage describes water-flow networks (b) Relief names rainfall instruments; drainage names winds (c) Relief is population size; drainage is settlement type (d) Relief is soil fertility; drainage is longitude
13. Which neighbouring country lies to Nigeria's east? (a) Cameroon (b) Niger (c) Ghana (d) Benin
14. A researcher travels along the Equator without changing latitude. Which coordinate must generally change as the researcher moves east? (a) latitude (b) longitude (c) rainfall (d) altitude
15. A map grid shows a point at 7°N, 5°E. To plot it correctly, the learner should first distinguish ________. (a) altitude from population (b) north–south latitude from east–west longitude (c) temperature from pressure (d) the national anthem from the map legend
16. Two settlements share a latitude but differ greatly in height above sea level. Explain why the higher place may be cooler. (a) the mountain town is always farther from the Sun (b) rain gauges create cooler temperatures (c) higher altitude generally lowers air temperature (d) longitude alone explains altitude
17. Which pair correctly connects an economic activity with its location factor? (a) Fishing — access to suitable water bodies (b) Crop farming — thickness of a town's road signs (c) Construction — the number of planets visible (d) Mining — availability of classroom computers
18. Which statement about the International Date Line is most accurate? (a) It passes through Greenwich at 0° longitude (b) Crossing it may require changing the calendar date (c) It is used only to measure rainfall (d) It is identical to the Equator
19. Nigeria's land area is approximately 924,000 km². Which estimate is the most reasonable? (a) about 9 million km² (b) about 90 million km² (c) about 90,000 km² (d) about 0.9 million km²
20. The main reason land-use planning is important in expanding settlements is to ________. (a) make all river channels straight (b) balance housing, services, transport and environmental needs (c) prevent schools from being mapped (d) eliminate every agricultural activity immediately
21. The main reason a national map needs a scale is to ________. (a) relate map distances to actual ground distances (b) replace symbols of rivers and roads (c) guarantee every road is straight (d) show that all states have equal areas
22. Which pair identifies the two tropics correctly? (a) 180°E and 180°W (b) 23½°N and 23½°S (c) 66½°N and 66½°S (d) 0° and 90°N
23. The main reason longitudes help determine time differences is that ________. (a) the Equator divides day from night permanently (b) every meridian has a different climate (c) Earth turns approximately 15° each hour (d) latitudes are always 60° apart
24. Which statement best describes Nigeria's broad continental position? (a) In South America on the Pacific coast (b) In East Asia beside the Yellow Sea (c) In Northern Europe on the Baltic Sea (d) In West Africa, opening onto the Gulf of Guinea
25. Two districts each contain 8,000 people; one covers 4 km² and the other 16 km². Which conclusion follows? (a) The first has four times the population density of the second (b) The first has half the density of the second (c) The second has four times the density of the first (d) Both have identical densities
26. Which matching of measurement and instrument is correct? (a) Wind speed — thermometer (b) Rainfall — rain gauge (c) Humidity — anemometer (d) Temperature — wind vane
27. On a draft map Benin is placed east of Nigeria. On which side should it actually appear? (a) north (b) southeast (c) centre of Nigeria (d) west
28. The ________ industry transforms agricultural produce into packaged food, linking primary and secondary activities. (a) weather observation (b) manufacturing (c) fishing (d) mineral extraction
29. A council plans new suburbs but the projected population is twice the current water-system capacity. The correct step is to ________. (a) remove the settlement from the map (b) ignore the water requirement until houses are occupied (c) plan and phase water infrastructure alongside housing (d) assume all households have private rivers
30. A learner describes a highland with a broad, relatively level top. Name the landform. (a) a permanently submerged lake basin (b) a river's discharge only (c) an elevated area with a relatively broad level surface (d) a coastal wave at low tide
31. One town at 45°W observes local solar time 09:00. Calculate the simultaneous local solar time at 15°E. (a) 15:00 (b) 13:00 (c) 11:00 (d) 05:00
32. An area is 20 km by 15 km. Which is its area in square kilometres? (a) 35 km² (b) 600 km² (c) 300 km² (d) 70 km²
33. All are parallels of latitude EXCEPT ________. (a) the Tropic of Cancer (b) the Antarctic Circle (c) the Greenwich Meridian (d) the Equator
34. All these countries share land borders with Nigeria EXCEPT ________. (a) Ghana (b) Niger (c) Cameroon (d) Benin
35. Which is NOT a primary economic activity? (a) crop cultivation (b) assembling finished cars from manufactured parts (c) mineral extraction (d) fishing
36. All are likely pressures from poorly managed settlement expansion EXCEPT ________. (a) guaranteed reduction in waste production (b) increased demand for sanitation (c) loss of agricultural land (d) longer journeys to jobs
37. Which of these is NOT a valid conclusion drawn from coordinates alone? (a) identifying hemispheres (b) plotting a place on a map (c) comparing relative locations (d) determining a city's population from location alone
38. Which is NOT necessarily a consequence of rapid urbanisation? (a) growth of informal settlements (b) increased demand for transport (c) pressure on drainage systems (d) every household gaining affordable housing
39. All the following may appear in a physical map legend EXCEPT ________. (a) lowlands (b) highlands (c) political campaign promises (d) rivers
40. The correct conclusion when a rain gauge reports unusually high rainfall on one day is ________. (a) one observation alone cannot establish a long-term climate change (b) all future rainfall must be higher (c) the locality has permanently changed climate (d) the site's latitude has changed

SECTION B — THEORY (30 MARKS)
Instruction: Answer Question 1 and any other TWO questions. Each question carries 10 marks. Show calculations or reasoning clearly where required.

Question 1
(a) Two places lie at 5°N and 12°N on the same meridian. Estimate their surface separation at 111 km per degree. (4 marks)
(b) A town at 45°E is compared with one at 15°W. Calculate their local solar-time difference and name which is ahead. (6 marks)

Question 2
(a) Differentiate weather from climate using rainfall observations. (4 marks)
(b) Explain three factors that can cause two Nigerian places to have different climates. (6 marks)

Question 3
(a) Compare linear and dispersed settlements using layout and a suitable example of each. (4 marks)
(b) Explain three likely problems when urban growth outpaces transport, water supply and sanitation. (6 marks)

Question 4
(a) Identify Nigeria’s neighbouring countries on its west, north and east sides. (6 marks)
(b) Distinguish relief and drainage and name one Nigerian example of each. (4 marks)

Objective Marking Scheme
Question 1 – ✅ (c) 17:00
Question 2 – ✅ (d) local resource availability
Question 3 – ✅ (b) 444 km
Question 4 – ✅ (d) 600 km
Question 5 – ✅ (d) more rapid runoff from impermeable surfaces
Question 6 – ✅ (a) Lokoja
Question 7 – ✅ (c) linear settlement
Question 8 – ✅ (c) 9°N, 8°E
Question 9 – ✅ (d) north
Question 10 – ✅ (a) weather and climate
Question 11 – ✅ (d) They attract migrants from other settlements
Question 12 – ✅ (a) Relief describes land height and form; drainage describes water-flow networks
Question 13 – ✅ (a) Cameroon
Question 14 – ✅ (b) longitude
Question 15 – ✅ (b) north–south latitude from east–west longitude
Question 16 – ✅ (c) higher altitude generally lowers air temperature
Question 17 – ✅ (a) Fishing — access to suitable water bodies
Question 18 – ✅ (b) Crossing it may require changing the calendar date
Question 19 – ✅ (d) about 0.9 million km²
Question 20 – ✅ (b) balance housing, services, transport and environmental needs
Question 21 – ✅ (a) relate map distances to actual ground distances
Question 22 – ✅ (b) 23½°N and 23½°S
Question 23 – ✅ (c) Earth turns approximately 15° each hour
Question 24 – ✅ (d) In West Africa, opening onto the Gulf of Guinea
Question 25 – ✅ (a) The first has four times the population density of the second
Question 26 – ✅ (b) Rainfall — rain gauge
Question 27 – ✅ (d) west
Question 28 – ✅ (b) manufacturing
Question 29 – ✅ (c) plan and phase water infrastructure alongside housing
Question 30 – ✅ (c) an elevated area with a relatively broad level surface
Question 31 – ✅ (b) 13:00
Question 32 – ✅ (c) 300 km²
Question 33 – ✅ (c) the Greenwich Meridian
Question 34 – ✅ (a) Ghana
Question 35 – ✅ (b) assembling finished cars from manufactured parts
Question 36 – ✅ (a) guaranteed reduction in waste production
Question 37 – ✅ (d) determining a city's population from location alone
Question 38 – ✅ (d) every household gaining affordable housing
Question 39 – ✅ (c) political campaign promises
Question 40 – ✅ (a) one observation alone cannot establish a long-term climate change

Theory Marking Scheme
Question 1
(a) Latitude difference 7° (1); 7×111 (2); 777 km (1). (4 marks)
(b) 60° difference (2); 60/15=4 hours (2); 45°E is ahead (2). (6 marks)

Question 2
(a) Weather short-term observed conditions (2); climate long-term patterns (2). (4 marks)
(b) Any three explained ×2: latitude, altitude, distance from sea/ocean currents, slope, cloud cover as taught. (6 marks)

Question 3
(a) Linear along road/river with example (2); dispersed scattered homes with example (2). (4 marks)
(b) Three applied problems ×2: congestion/access, shortage of safe water, waste/sanitation/flooding or unaffordable housing. (6 marks)

Question 4
(a) Benin west (2); Niger north (2); Cameroon east (2); Chad north-east can be accepted only with clear orientation. (6 marks)
(b) Relief land height/shape with plateau/highland example (2); drainage water networks with River Niger/Benue (2). (4 marks)