Tools and Machines for Wood Shaping for SS 3

Class: SS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 9
Age: 17 years
Duration: 60 minutes
Subject: Wood Work
Curriculum Theme: Workshop Practice and Woodworking Techniques
Previous Lesson: Wood Shapes and Shaping Techniques
Topic: TOOLS AND MACHINES FOR WOOD SHAPING; PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION.
Subject Matter: Display and show tools and machines for wood shaping; Carry out rounding, moulding activities; Resources; tools and machines for wood shaping

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils/students should be able to:

Cognitive Domain

• Identify various hand tools and machines used for wood shaping.
• Describe the functions of different wood shaping tools and machines.
• List essential resources required for wood shaping activities.

Affective Domain

• Appreciate the importance of selecting the correct tool for specific wood shaping tasks.
• Observe and adhere to safety precautions when handling wood shaping tools and operating machines.

Psychomotor Domain

• Demonstrate the correct technique for rounding wood using appropriate tools.
• Carry out basic moulding activities on a piece of wood.
• Handle wood shaping tools and machines safely and efficiently.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

• 2014 Senior Secondary Education Curriculum (SSEC)
• Relevant State Unified Scheme of Work
• A suitable Wood Work textbook for SS 3
• FCT ERC/NAPPS Scheme of work

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

• Assorted wood shaping hand tools (e.g., spokeshave, moulding planes, gouges, rasps, files).
• Visual aids or charts showing different wood shaping machines (e.g., router, spindle moulder, wood lathe).
• Various types of wood samples.
• Safety gear (safety glasses, gloves).
• Work bench with a vice.
• Finished examples of rounded and moulded wood pieces.

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson is important for students to gain practical skills in shaping wood, which is fundamental in woodworking. It enables them to identify and correctly use various tools and machines, fostering precision and creativity in their projects. Understanding these techniques is crucial for producing aesthetically pleasing and functional wooden items.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils/students should have basic knowledge of different types of wood, general workshop safety rules, and the identification of common hand tools used in woodworking.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

TOOLS AND MACHINES FOR WOOD SHAPING; PRACTICAL DEMONSTRATION

Tools and Machines for Wood Shaping

Wood shaping involves modifying the form or profile of wood to achieve a desired design or functional purpose. This can be done using various hand tools and power machines.

Hand Tools for Wood Shaping:

1. Spokeshave: Used for shaping and smoothing curved surfaces, especially on spokes, handles, and chair legs. It works by shaving thin layers of wood.
2. Moulding Planes: Specialized planes designed to cut specific decorative profiles or mouldings into wood edges or surfaces. Examples include ogee planes, bead planes, and cove planes.
3. Rounding Planes: Planes specifically designed to create convex or concave curves on wood surfaces.
4. Gouges (Chisels): Chisels with curved blades used for carving, hollowing, and creating curved recesses in wood. They come in various sweeps (curvature) and widths.
5. Rasps and Files: Abrasive tools used for rough shaping, removing material quickly, and refining curves or irregular shapes. Rasps have coarse, individual teeth, while files have finer, parallel teeth.

Machines for Wood Shaping:

1. Router: A versatile power tool used for routing out hollows in relatively hard material, creating decorative edges, cutting grooves, and making mouldings with various router bits.
2. Spindle Moulder: A stationary machine used for shaping wood edges and surfaces, creating complex mouldings, and cutting profiles. It uses interchangeable cutter blocks mounted on a vertical spindle.
3. Wood Lathe: A machine used for turning wood, primarily to create cylindrical or spherical shapes. It rotates the wood while a cutting tool is applied to shape it.
4. Belt/Disc Sanders: Used for smoothing and refining shaped wood surfaces after initial shaping, removing tool marks and preparing for finishing.

Rounding Activities

Rounding is the process of creating a curved or circular profile on the edge or surface of a piece of wood. This is often done for aesthetics, comfort, or safety.

Methods of Rounding Wood:

1. Using a Spokeshave:
   1. Mark the desired curve or radius on the wood.
   2. Secure the wood firmly in a vice.
   3. Hold the spokeshave with both hands and push or pull it along the marked line, taking thin, even shavings.
   4. Work gradually, checking the curve frequently with a template or by eye.
2. Using Rasps and Files:
   1. Roughly shape the curve with a rasp, moving it in a sweeping motion.
   2. Refine the curve with a wood file, ensuring a smooth transition.
   3. Finish with sandpaper for a smooth surface.
3. Using a Wood Lathe:
   1. Mount the wood securely between the headstock and tailstock of the lathe.
   2. Set the appropriate speed.
   3. Use turning tools (e.g., gouges, skew chisels) to gradually remove material and create the desired round profile while the wood rotates.

Moulding Activities

Moulding involves creating decorative or functional profiles on wood surfaces or edges. These profiles add aesthetic appeal, conceal joints, or provide structural elements.

Methods of Moulding Wood:

1. Using Moulding Planes:
   1. Select the appropriate moulding plane for the desired profile.
   2. Secure the wood firmly on a workbench.
   3. Position the plane on the edge of the wood and push it along, making successive passes.
   4. Ensure consistent pressure and angle to achieve a uniform profile.
2. Using a Router:
   1. Select the appropriate router bit (e.g., round-over, ogee, cove bit) for the desired moulding.
   2. Adjust the router’s depth setting.
   3. Secure the wood and guide the router along the edge or surface, ensuring a steady movement.
   4. For handheld routers, use a fence or bearing to maintain consistent distance.
3. Using a Spindle Moulder:
   1. Mount the desired cutter block onto the spindle moulder.
   2. Adjust the fence and spindle height according to the wood thickness and desired profile.
   3. Feed the wood slowly and steadily past the rotating cutters, ensuring safety guards are in place.

Resources for Wood Shaping

Effective wood shaping requires not only tools and machines but also various supporting resources.

Key Resources:

1. Wood Stock: Various types of timber (hardwoods like Iroko, Mahogany; softwoods like Obeche, Pine) suitable for shaping, depending on the project requirements.
2. Workholding Devices:
   1. Bench Vice: Essential for securely holding wood pieces during shaping operations.
   2. Clamps: Used to hold workpieces together or to the workbench.
3. Measuring and Marking Tools:
   1. Rulers, Tapes, Squares: For accurate measurements.
   2. Pencils, Marking Gauges: For transferring designs and lines onto the wood.
   3. Templates: For replicating specific curves or profiles.
4. Abrasives:
   1. Sandpaper: Various grits (coarse to fine) for smoothing shaped surfaces.
   2. Sanding Blocks: To ensure even sanding.
5. Safety Equipment:
   1. Safety Glasses/Goggles: To protect eyes from flying debris.
   2. Dust Masks: To prevent inhalation of wood dust.
   3. Gloves: For handling rough wood or specific tasks.
   4. Ear Protection: When operating noisy machines.
6. Finishing Materials:
   1. Wood Fillers: To fill minor imperfections.
   2. Adhesives: For joining shaped components.
   3. Varnishes, Polishes, Paints: To protect and enhance the appearance of the shaped wood.

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Demonstration, Guided Practice, Question and Answer, Explanation, Observation, Practical Activity

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Engaging/Recalling

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the students and asks them to recall some basic hand tools used in woodworking and their general functions. The teacher then introduces the topic, “Tools and Machines for Wood Shaping,” explaining that the lesson will cover specific tools and techniques for modifying wood profiles.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the teacher’s questions about woodworking tools and listen attentively to the introduction of the new topic.

Learning Point: Introduction to wood shaping

Step 2: Display and Identification of Hand Tools

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Demonstration/Identification

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher displays various wood shaping hand tools such as spokeshaves, moulding planes, gouges, rasps, and files. The teacher identifies each tool, explains its specific function, and demonstrates how it is held and used for basic shaping tasks.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the tools, listen to the explanations, and identify each tool as named by the teacher. They may ask questions for clarification.

Learning Point: Hand tools identification

Step 3: Introduction to Wood Shaping Machines and Resources

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Visualisation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher uses charts or diagrams to show common wood shaping machines like routers, spindle moulders, and wood lathes, explaining their functions and safety considerations. The teacher also discusses essential resources such as different types of wood, workholding devices, and safety gear.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the charts/diagrams, listen to the explanations of machines and resources, and ask questions about their operation and safety.

Learning Point: Machines and resources

Step 4: Practical Demonstration of Rounding

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Practical Demonstration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher demonstrates the process of rounding a piece of wood using a spokeshave or a rasp/file. The teacher emphasizes proper workholding, tool handling, and safety precautions throughout the demonstration, showing how to achieve a smooth, consistent curve.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the teacher’s demonstration carefully, paying attention to the techniques, tool grip, and safety measures.

Learning Point: Rounding wood demonstration

Step 5: Guided Practice for Rounding

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Practice

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher provides small wood offcuts and guides a few students to practice basic rounding techniques under close supervision, offering immediate feedback and corrections on their tool handling and technique.

Pupils’ Activity: Selected pupils attempt to round wood offcuts, applying the techniques demonstrated by the teacher, and receive guidance.

Learning Point: Rounding technique practice

Step 6: Practical Demonstration of Moulding

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Practical Demonstration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher demonstrates how to create a simple moulding profile using a moulding plane or by showing how a router bit would create a profile. The teacher highlights the importance of consistent passes and maintaining the correct angle.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils observe the moulding demonstration, noting the specific movements and the resulting profile.

Learning Point: Moulding wood demonstration

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

1. Name two hand tools used for wood shaping.
2. Describe one safety precaution to observe when using a spokeshave.
3. What is the primary function of a moulding plane?
4. Mention two resources, apart from tools, needed for wood shaping.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Understanding wood shaping

Step 8: Note-Taking

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Writing

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils/students to copy the essential Board Summary notes on wood shaping tools, machines, rounding, moulding, and resources into their notebooks.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils/students copy the notes carefully into their notebooks.

Learning Point: Recording lesson notes

Step 9: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Summarising

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher briefly summarises the key learning points, reiterating the importance of proper tool identification, safe handling, and the practical application of rounding and moulding techniques in woodworking. The teacher encourages students to practice these skills.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and ask any final questions.

Learning Point: Consolidating wood shaping knowledge

Continuous Assessment/Further Study

Type: Homework/Practice Exercise

Instruction: Answer the following questions and, if possible, sketch the tools mentioned:

1. List three hand tools and two machines used for wood shaping, stating one function for each.
2. Explain the difference between rounding and moulding in woodworking.
3. Identify three safety precautions that must be observed when carrying out practical wood shaping activities.
4. Using a small piece of wood, attempt to create a simple rounded edge or a basic moulding profile at home (under adult supervision if using sharp tools) or in the workshop.

Lesson Keywords

• Spokeshave – A hand tool used for shaping and smoothing curved surfaces on wood.
• Moulding Plane – A specialized plane designed to cut specific decorative profiles into wood.
• Gouge – A type of chisel with a curved blade, used for carving and hollowing wood.
• Router – A power tool used for routing out hollows, cutting grooves, and creating decorative edges.
• Rounding – The process of creating a curved or circular profile on wood.
• Moulding – The process of creating decorative or functional profiles on wood surfaces or edges.
• Spindle Moulder – A stationary machine for shaping wood edges and creating complex mouldings.

Differentiation

For students who grasp concepts quickly, provide more complex moulding profiles to attempt or research advanced wood shaping machines like CNC routers. For students needing additional support, focus on mastering the identification and safe handling of basic hand tools for simple rounding tasks, providing extra guided practice and visual aids.

Suggested Lesson Videos

For further understanding, search on YouTube for:

• wood shaping tools and machines SS3 Nigeria
• how to use spokeshave for rounding wood
• basic wood moulding techniques