Examination on History
Class: JSS 3
Term: Second Term
Time: 1 Hour
Total Marks: 70

SECTION A: OBJECTIVES (40 Marks)
Instruction: Answer all questions.

1. ________ marked the end of a powerful West African empire, paving the way for European influence. (a) Fall of Oyo Empire (b) Fall of Songhai Empire (c) Rise of Benin Kingdom (d) Jihad of Uthman Dan Fodio
2. Which of the following was a key figure in British penetration of Nigerian territories? (a) Mungo Park (b) Nnamdi Azikiwe (c) Herbert Macaulay (d) Tafawa Balewa
3. The initial British presence in Nigerian territories was primarily driven by the activities of ________. (a) Explorers (b) Educators (c) Doctors (d) Farmers
4. All of these were motives for British colonization except ________. (a) Abolition of slave trade (b) Spread of Christianity (c) Promotion of local industries (d) Access to raw materials
5. An early motive for British colonization was the search for new markets and raw materials, known as ________. (a) Philanthropy (b) Economic pursuit (c) Humanitarian aid (d) Cultural exchange
6. Which is NOT a characteristic of the New Imperialism era? (a) Increased competition among European powers (b) Focus on establishing direct political control (c) Emphasis on economic exploitation (d) Promotion of self-governance for colonies
7. The main reason for the establishment of Lagos as a British colony was ________. (a) Its strategic location for trade (b) Its large population (c) Its rich mineral resources (d) Its cultural heritage
8. The correct step in establishing British colonial governance involved ________. (a) Negotiating equal treaties (b) Imposing protectorates and colonies (c) Encouraging local autonomy (d) Funding local development projects
9. Which of these is not a type of British colonial administrator? (a) Governor (b) Resident (c) District Officer (d) Emperor
10. The system of administration where British officials ruled directly without much local input was known as ________. (a) Indirect Rule (b) Direct Rule (c) Self-governance (d) Federalism
11. Missionaries played a significant role in British penetration by ________. (a) Establishing trading posts (b) Spreading Christianity and Western education (c) Leading military expeditions (d) Discovering new trade routes
12. ________ refers to the period of intensified colonial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (a) Old Imperialism (b) New Imperialism (c) Globalisation (d) Decolonization
13. The correct step in formalizing the scramble for Africa was the ________. (a) Treaty of Versailles (b) Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 (c) Atlantic Charter (d) Treaty of Tordesillas
14. Which of the following was a major economic control imposed by the British? (a) Free trade agreements (b) Taxation on local produce and goods (c) Subsidies for local industries (d) Investment in indigenous businesses
15. A major demerit of Direct Rule was its ________. (a) Efficiency (b) Cost-effectiveness (c) Lack of understanding of local customs (d) Promotion of local leadership
16. The British amalgamated the Northern and Southern Protectorates in ________. (a) 1900 (b) 1914 (c) 1922 (d) 1960
17. Lord Lugard is most associated with the implementation of ________ in Northern Nigeria. (a) Direct Rule (b) Indirect Rule (c) Military Rule (d) Democratic Rule
18. Which of these was NOT a reaction of Nigerians to British colonial rule? (a) Armed resistance (b) Peaceful protests (c) Collaboration (d) Demanding more direct British control
19. The system of Indirect Rule relied heavily on ________. (a) British military power (b) Traditional rulers and institutions (c) Direct British administrative staff (d) Newly elected local councils
20. The main reason for British explorers in Nigeria was to ________. (a) Establish permanent settlements (b) Chart rivers and discover resources (c) Convert locals to Christianity (d) Recruit soldiers for the British army
21. All of these were parts of the Southern Protectorate except ________. (a) Western Region (b) Eastern Region (c) Lagos Colony (d) Kano Emirate
22. The main reason for taxation during the New Imperialism era was to ________. (a) Fund local development projects (b) Pay for colonial administration (c) Provide welfare for Nigerians (d) Promote indigenous businesses
23. The fall of the Songhai Empire led to a power vacuum that ________. (a) Strengthened local kingdoms (b) Facilitated European penetration (c) Led to immediate self-governance (d) Created a unified West African state
24. Which of the following describes the role of traders in British penetration? (a) They focused on evangelism (b) They sought raw materials and markets (c) They mapped new territories (d) They established schools
25. A merit of Indirect Rule was that it was ________. (a) More expensive (b) Culturally sensitive (c) Prone to corruption (d) Difficult to implement
26. The term “Protectorate” implied that Britain would ________. (a) Directly govern the territory (b) Protect the territory while allowing local rule (c) Grant immediate independence (d) Annex the territory completely
27. The British colonial government in Lagos was first established as a ________. (a) Protectorate (b) Colony (c) Mandate (d) Trust territory
28. Which of these was NOT a motive for the New Imperialism? (a) Economic exploitation (b) Strategic military bases (c) Spread of democracy (d) National prestige
29. The reactions of Nigerians to colonial rule varied, ranging from ________. (a) Full acceptance to complete rejection (b) Passive obedience to active collaboration (c) Active resistance to collaboration (d) Indifference to enthusiasm
30. ________ was a major demerit of Indirect Rule often leading to resistance. (a) Efficiency of administration (b) Preservation of traditional institutions (c) Imposition of unpopular policies (d) Low cost of administration
31. The correct step in British economic control often involved ________. (a) Encouraging local industrialization (b) Exporting raw materials and importing finished goods (c) Promoting self-sufficiency (d) Investing heavily in local infrastructure
32. Which of the following facilitated British penetration into the interior? (a) Strong centralized indigenous empires (b) Inter-ethnic conflicts and rivalries (c) Lack of natural resources (d) Unified resistance movements
33. All of these were forms of colonial governance except ________. (a) Crown Colony (b) Protectorate (c) Dominion (d) Republic
34. The main reason for the British desire to abolish the slave trade was ________. (a) Humanitarian concerns (b) To find new sources of raw materials (c) To gain moral high ground (d) All of the above
35. The term “colonial governance” broadly refers to ________. (a) Self-rule by indigenous populations (b) Administration of territories by a foreign power (c) International cooperation agreements (d) Establishment of independent nations
36. Which of these individuals spearheaded the resistance against British rule in some parts of Nigeria? (a) Jaja of Opobo (b) Oba of Benin (c) Nana Olomu (d) All of the above
37. The British Northern Protectorate was formally declared in ________. (a) 1884 (b) 1890 (c) 1900 (d) 1914
38. The British interest in Nigeria moved from trade in slaves to trade in ________. (a) Manufactured goods (b) Raw materials like palm oil (c) Gold and diamonds (d) Food crops
39. Which is NOT a demerit of Direct Rule? (a) High cost of administration (b) Alienation of local population (c) Preservation of traditional institutions (d) Difficulty in understanding local customs
40. The establishment of colonial administration led to ________. (a) Increased local autonomy (b) Loss of indigenous sovereignty (c) Promotion of traditional justice systems (d) Equal representation in governance

SECTION B: THEORY (30 Marks)
Instruction: Answer any THREE questions.

1. (a) Identify two key groups that facilitated British penetration into Nigerian territories. (2 marks)
(b) Explain two primary economic motives for British colonization of Nigeria. (3 marks)
(c) Describe the significance of the Fall of the Songhai Empire in the context of European influence in West Africa. (3 marks)
(d) State two ways missionaries contributed to British colonial efforts. (2 marks)

2. (a) Differentiate between a ‘Colony’ and a ‘Protectorate’ in the context of British administration in Nigeria. (2 marks)
(b) Discuss two reasons why the British opted for Indirect Rule in some parts of Nigeria. (3 marks)
(c) Outline three demerits of the British Indirect Rule system. (3 marks)
(d) Name the two main protectorates that were amalgamated to form Nigeria. (2 marks)

3. (a) Define the term ‘New Imperialism’ as it relates to Africa. (2 marks)
(b) Explain two methods of economic control employed by the British in their colonies. (3 marks)