Class: Primary 5
term: 3rd Term
Subject: Basic Science And Technology
Curriculum Theme: basic Science
Previous Lesson: Uses Of Acid And Base
Topic: Materials And Methods For Soap Preparation And Uses Of Soap
Content/Learning Area: Local materials use for making soap e.g. ashes, palm oil etc, Methods of soap preparation, USES OF SOAP

Performance Objectives

by the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:

• Cognitive Domain: List common local materials used for making soap.
• Affective Domain: Show interest in using local materials to produce soap.
• Psychomotor Domain: Demonstrate steps involved in making simple soap using local materials.
• Social Domain: Cooperate with group members during soap-making activities.

Reference Materials

The following resources was used in planning this lesson:

• 9 Years basic Education Curriculum
• Abuja Educational Resource Centre Scheme of work
• NAPPS National Unified Scheme of Work
• Online Data from: Merriam-Webster – SOAP Definition & Meaning
• Relevant Textbooks

Instructional Materials

To deliver this lesson,the teacher will employ the help of the following materials:

• Samples of local materials (ashes,palm oil,coconut oil)
• Plastic buckets
• Measuring cups
• stirring sticks
• Visual charts showing soap-making process
• Finished soap samples

Rationale for the Lesson

Understanding local soap-making methods helps pupils appreciate science in everyday life and encourages creative skills using local materials.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Pupils have seen and used soap at home and know it is indeed used for washing and cleaning.

Lesson Content

Materials And Methods for Soap Preparation And Uses Of Soap

Soap is a substance used for washing and cleaning. It is made by mixing certain materials together using specific methods.

Local Materials Used for Making Soap

Some materials used to make soap can be found around us. These are called local materials.

The following are local materials used to make soap:

1. Ashes
2. Palm oil
3. Coconut oil
4. Caustic soda
5. Water
6. Fragrance (optional)
7. Shea butter
8. Aloe vera
9. Honey

Methods of Soap Preparation

Soap can be made at home by following simple steps. These methods involve mixing the materials properly.

The following are steps in making soap:

1. Mix ashes with water to get a liquid called lye
2. Pour palm oil or coconut oil into a bowl
3. Add the lye to the oil slowly
4. Stir the mixture for some time until it thickens
5. Add fragrance if needed
6. Pour the mixture into a mold and allow it to cool and harden
7. Allow the soap to cure for several weeks
8. Cut the soap into bars
9. Package the soap for use or sale

Uses of soap

Soap is useful in many ways in our homes and schools.

The following are uses of soap:

1. Washing clothes
2. Bathing
3. Cleaning the house
4. Washing plates
5. Removing germs from hands
6. Washing cars
7. Cleaning surfaces in hospitals
8. Washing fruits and vegetables

Teaching Methods

To deliver this lesson,‌ ⁤the teacher will⁤ adopt⁤ the following methods: Discussion,Lecture,Storytelling,Explanation,Presentation,Group Work,Visual Aids

Instructional Procedures

To deliver this lesson,the teacher will adopt the following steps:

Step 1: Introduction (Set Induction)

Time: 5 mins
Teaching skill: Set induction
Teacher’s Activity: Tells a short story about how people in the village used ashes and oil to make soap for cleaning.
Pupils’ Activity: Listen to the story and respond to questions.

Step 2: Identifying Local Materials

Time: 7 mins
Teaching Skill: Explanation
Teacher’s Activity: Shows pupils samples of local materials and names each one clearly.
Pupils’ Activity: Observe the samples and repeat their names.

Step 3: Demonstrating Soap Preparation

Time: 10 mins
Teaching Skill: Demonstration
Teacher’s Activity: Demonstrates the steps of soap making using palm oil, ashes, and water while explaining each step.
Pupils’ Activity: Watch the demonstration and take note of each step.

Step 4: Discussing Uses of Soap

Time: 5 mins
Teaching Skill: Discussion
Teacher’s Activity: Leads a discussion on the uses of soap at home and school.
Pupils’ Activity: Mention different ways thay use soap.

Step 5: Note-taking

Time: 3 mins
Teaching Skill: Writing
Teacher’s Activity: guides pupils to write short notes on the topic in their notebooks.
Pupils’ Activity: Copy the notes correctly.

Step 6: Evaluation/Review

time: 5 mins
Teaching Skill: Questioning
Teacher’s Activity: Asks pupils oral questions based on materials, methods and uses of soap.Pupils’ Activity: Answer the questions one after another.

Step 7: Conclusion

Time: 5 mins
Teaching Skill: instructional/Cognitive
Teacher’s Activity: Recaps the lesson, praises participation, and encourages pupils to try making soap at home.
Pupils’ Activity: Ask final questions and thank the teacher.

Lesson Keywords

• Soap – a substance used for washing and cleaning
• Ashes – burnt remains used to make soap
• Palm Oil – a type of oil from palm fruits used in soap
• Lye – liquid made from mixing ashes and water
• Mold – container used to shape soap

Lesson Evaluation

To evaluate the learning, the teacher asks pupils to:

1. List three local materials used for making soap
2. Mention any two steps in making soap
3. Name three uses of soap
4. Describe what lye is and how it is made
5. Say how they use soap at home

Assignment/Homework

1. Research othre local materials that can be used to make soap.
2. Write down five ways you can use soap to keep your habitat clean.
3. Ask your parents or guardians if they have ever made soap at home and write down the process.

Differentiation

• For slower learners: Support slow learners with more visuals and allow them to touch and name materials.
• For advanced learners: Group activities will help fast learners support others. Encourage them to research different types of soap and their ingredients.
• For visual/auditory/kinesthetic learners: Use visual aids like charts and videos. Encourage hands-on activities like stirring and mixing (under supervision). Use songs or rhymes to remember the steps.

Note for Teachers

emphasize safety during the demonstration. Use gloves when handling lye and caustic soda, and keep pupils at a safe distance during mixing.