Grammar/Structure: Adverbials and Tenses, Tenses in Global Warming and Drug Abuse for JSS 3

Class: JSS 3
Term: First Term
Week: 7
Age: 14 years
Duration: 60 minutes
Subject: English Language Studies
Curriculum Theme: Grammar/Structure
Previous Lesson: Writing:
Topic: Grammatical Accuracy
Subject Matter: Identification and use of tenses e.g. present, past and future using such topics as: (a) Inter-ethnic marriages (b) Global warming (c) Drug abuse; Adverbials in passages on inter-ethnic marriages, global warming and drug abuse

Specific Objectives

By the end of the lesson, pupils/students should be able to:

Cognitive Domain

• Define adverbials and tenses.
• Identify different types of adverbials in sentences.
• Identify present, past, and future tenses in context.
• Use adverbials correctly in sentences related to various topics.
• Apply appropriate tenses when discussing global warming, drug abuse, and inter-ethnic marriages.

Affective Domain

• Appreciate the importance of grammatical accuracy in communication.
• Show willingness to use correct adverbials and tenses in their writing and speaking.

Psychomotor Domain

• Construct grammatically correct sentences using various adverbials.
• Write short passages demonstrating the correct use of present, past, and future tenses.

Social Domain

• Collaborate with peers to identify and correct grammatical errors in sentences and passages.

Reference Materials

The following resources were used in planning this lesson:

• 2014 Senior Secondary Education Curriculum (SSEC)
• Relevant State Unified Scheme of Work
• A suitable English Language textbook for JSS 3
• FCT ERC/NAPPS Scheme of work

Instructional Materials

The teacher will teach this lesson with the aid of:

• Whiteboard or chalkboard
• Markers or chalk
• Prepared sentences and short passages demonstrating adverbials and tenses
• Charts showing examples of adverbials and tense usage
• Worksheets with exercises on identifying and using adverbials and tenses

Rationale for the Lesson

This lesson is essential for students to develop strong grammatical foundations, enabling them to communicate clearly and effectively. Mastering adverbials and tenses allows students to express actions and events with precision regarding time, manner, and place. This skill is crucial for academic success and everyday interactions, helping them articulate complex ideas and understand written texts better.

Prerequisite/Previous Knowledge

Students should have a basic understanding of parts of speech, especially verbs, and a general idea of how actions relate to time.

Lesson Content/Board Summary

Grammatical Accuracy

Understanding Adverbials

Adverbials are words or phrases that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire sentence. They provide more information about how, when, where, why, or to what extent an action is performed.

Types of Adverbials and Examples:

1. Adverbial of Manner: Describes *how* an action is done.
   1. She sings beautifully.
   2. The children played happily in the park.
2. Adverbial of Place: Describes *where* an action happens.
   1. They live here.
   2. We searched for the book everywhere.
3. Adverbial of Time: Describes *when* an action happens.
   1. I will see you tomorrow.
   2. The meeting started late.
4. Adverbial of Frequency: Describes *how often* an action happens.
   1. He always arrives on time.
   2. We rarely visit the city.
5. Adverbial of Purpose: Describes *why* an action is done.
   1. She studies hard to pass her exams.
   2. He exercises to stay fit.
6. Adverbial of Reason: Describes the *reason* for an action.
   1. He was absent because he was ill.
   2. Since it was raining, we stayed indoors.

Understanding Tenses

Tenses indicate the time an action or event takes place. The three main tenses are present, past, and future.

1. Simple Present Tense:

   Used for habitual actions, facts, general truths, and scheduled events.

   1. Form: Base form of the verb (add -s or -es for third-person singular).
   2. Use:
      1. Habitual actions: She goes to school every day.
      2. General truths: The sun rises in the east.
      3. Scheduled events: The train departs at 7 AM.
2. Simple Past Tense:

   Used for actions completed at a specific time in the past.

   1. Form: -ed form for regular verbs; irregular forms for irregular verbs.
   2. Use:
      1. Completed actions: He visited his grandmother yesterday.
      2. Past habits: She played football when she was younger.
3. Simple Future Tense:

   Used for actions that will happen in the future.

   1. Form: Will + base form of the verb.
   2. Use:
      1. Predictions: It will rain tomorrow.
      2. Spontaneous decisions: I will help you with that.
      3. Promises: I will call you later.

Using Adverbials and Tenses in Context

Grammatical accuracy is vital when discussing important issues. Here are examples using adverbials and tenses with specific themes:

1. Global Warming:
   1. The Earth’s temperature gradually rises each year. (Adverbial of manner, Simple Present)
   2. Scientists recently observed melting glaciers in the Arctic. (Adverbial of time, Simple Past)
   3. If we don’t act now, the climate will change drastically. (Adverbial of time, Simple Future)
   4. Many communities already experience extreme weather because of climate change. (Adverbial of time, Adverbial of reason, Simple Present)
2. Drug Abuse:
   1. Drug abuse seriously affects the health of young people in Nigeria. (Adverbial of manner, Adverbial of place, Simple Present)
   2. Last year, the government launched a campaign against drug abuse. (Adverbial of time, Adverbial of purpose, Simple Past)
   3. Parents must always educate their children about the dangers of drugs. (Adverbial of frequency, Adverbial of purpose, Simple Present)
   4. If we work together, we will reduce drug abuse significantly. (Adverbial of manner, Simple Future)
3. Inter-ethnic Marriages:
   1. Inter-ethnic marriages often promote unity among different cultures. (Adverbial of frequency, Adverbial of place, Simple Present)
   2. My parents happily celebrated their inter-ethnic marriage anniversary last month. (Adverbial of manner, Adverbial of time, Simple Past)
   3. More people will embrace inter-ethnic marriages in the future. (Adverbial of time, Simple Future)
   4. Such unions strengthen national cohesion by fostering understanding. (Adverbial of manner, Simple Present)

Teaching Methods/Instructional Techniques

Discussion, Explanation, Question and Answer, Guided Practice, Individual Practice, Pair Work

Instructional Procedures

Step 1: Introduction

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Activating Prior Knowledge

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher greets the students and asks them to recall what they know about words that describe verbs (adverbs) and how verbs show time (tenses). The teacher will then introduce the lesson topic: Grammatical Accuracy, focusing on adverbials and tenses.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils respond to the teacher’s questions and listen attentively to the introduction.

Learning Point: Introduction to adverbials and tenses

Step 2: Understanding Adverbials

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains what adverbials are, providing their definition and different types (manner, place, time, frequency, purpose, reason). The teacher will give clear examples for each type, writing them on the board.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, ask questions for clarification, and copy the definitions and examples into their notebooks.

Learning Point: Definition and types of adverbials

Step 3: Guided Practice on Adverbials

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Practice

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher provides sentences and asks students to identify the adverbials and state their types. The teacher also gives incomplete sentences and asks students to complete them with appropriate adverbials.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils identify adverbials and complete sentences, sharing their answers with the class. They receive feedback from the teacher.

Learning Point: Identifying and using adverbials

Step 4: Understanding Tenses

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Explanation/Demonstration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher explains the concept of tenses and focuses on the simple present, past, and future tenses. For each tense, the teacher explains its form, common uses, and provides clear examples on the board.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen, ask questions, and take notes on the forms and uses of the simple tenses.

Learning Point: Forms and uses of simple tenses

Step 5: Guided Practice on Tenses

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Practice

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher provides sentences and asks students to identify the tense used. The teacher also gives sentences in one tense and asks students to convert them to another tense (e.g., present to past, past to future).

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils identify tenses and convert sentences, participating actively in the class discussion.

Learning Point: Identifying and converting tenses

Step 6: Using Adverbials and Tenses in Context

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Application/Integration

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher presents short passages or sentences related to global warming, drug abuse, and inter-ethnic marriages. Students are asked to identify both adverbials and tenses within these contexts and explain their function. The teacher will also guide them to construct new sentences using these themes, incorporating correct adverbials and tenses.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils read the passages/sentences, identify adverbials and tenses, and construct new sentences based on the themes.

Learning Point: Applying grammar in context

Step 7: Evaluation/Review

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Questioning/Assessment

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher evaluates the learning by asking the following questions:

1. What is an adverbial? Give two examples.
2. Identify the adverbial in this sentence: “She sings beautifully.”
3. Explain the difference between simple present and simple past tense.
4. Form a sentence about ‘global warming’ using a simple future tense and an adverbial of time.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils answer orally and in writing.

Learning Point: Assessment of adverbials and tenses

Step 8: Note-Taking

Time: 10 minutes

Teaching Skill: Guided Writing

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher guides pupils/students to copy the essential Board Summary notes on adverbials, tenses, and their contextual use into their notebooks.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils/students copy the notes carefully into their notebooks.

Learning Point: Recording lesson notes

Step 9: Conclusion

Time: 5 minutes

Teaching Skill: Consolidation

Teacher’s Activity: The teacher summarises the key points of the lesson, reiterating the importance of using adverbials and tenses correctly for clear communication. The teacher encourages students to practice these grammatical structures in their daily conversations and writing.

Pupils’ Activity: Pupils listen to the summary and ask any final questions.

Learning Point: Reinforcement of grammatical accuracy

Continuous Assessment/Further Study

Type: Homework

Instruction: Answer the following questions in your notebook:

1. Write five sentences about ‘drug abuse’, ensuring each sentence uses a different type of adverbial (e.g., manner, time, place, frequency, purpose).
2. Write a short paragraph (5-7 sentences) about ‘inter-ethnic marriages’. In your paragraph, use at least two sentences in the simple present tense, two in the simple past tense, and one in the simple future tense. Underline all adverbials you use.
3. Identify the tense and adverbial in each of these sentences:
   1. The government recently implemented new policies.
   2. Children often play outside.

Lesson Keywords

• Adverbial – A word or phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, indicating how, when, where, why, or to what extent.
• Tense – A grammatical category that shows the time of a verb’s action or state (e.g., present, past, future).
• Present Tense – Used for actions happening now, habitual actions, or general truths.
• Past Tense – Used for actions completed in the past.
• Future Tense – Used for actions that will happen in the future.
• Grammatical Accuracy – The correct use of grammar rules in speaking and writing.

Differentiation

For students who grasp the concepts quickly, provide more complex passages for analysis, asking them to identify compound adverbials or differentiate between subtle tense usages. For students needing additional support, focus on one type of adverbial or one tense at a time, providing simpler sentences and more direct guidance, possibly using visual aids or repetition drills.

Suggested Lesson Videos

For further understanding, students can search on YouTube for:

• “Adverbials for JSS 3”
• “Simple Present Past Future Tense English Grammar”
• “Using Tenses and Adverbials in Sentences”